New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63)

1. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION No fallow  % land used goes from 67  100% Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production 4-field systemusing turnips, barley, wheat (or some variant), & clover (to replenish soil) Several advantages: Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Can use less fertile lands Crop rotation Keeps land fertile Vastly expanded potential for food prod. Peasants can afford feed for livestock More meat & protein in commoners’ diet Requires large tracts of land to practice Enclosure Movement to enclose large tracts of land Many peasants must leave their lands to move to cities for homes & jobs Dramatic population growth as agric. prod. grows by as much as 2X Affects Br’s population in 2 ways: Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64) Enlightenment Scient. advances (FC.97) Labor supply for Britain’s textile mills (FC.111)

2. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Develop coke from coal for hotter fires Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Invention of a more efficient steam engine by James Watt (1769) Larger bellows  can get hotter fires Finally able to smelt iron completely Ripsaws cut more wood deforest Br. Stronger & more metal for building steam engines Develop steam pumps vs. water seepage in coal mines Spinning Jenny (1760s) Spun 7X threads Mech. handloom (1733) Could double textile prod. British textile prod. & profits soar Need new power source when all waterfront prop. for waterwheels is gone Adoption of the clock in W. Eur. W. Civ’s mechanistic view of the universe Adoption of the clock in W. Eur. W. Civ’s mechanistic view of the universe New textile tech. in Br. to compete vs. cheaper Asian goods Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64) Invention of clock in China (FC.57) Invention of clock in China (FC.57) Basis for the Industrial Revolution (FC. 111)

3. FC.111 THE BIRTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (c.1750) Ind. Rev. starts in Britain, putting it well ahead of the rest of the world Population growth  Labor force & mkts for goods Resources for textile mills & markets for goods Develop transp. system: ships & canals Large deposits of coal & iron in N. England Br’s excellent waterways & trade position Triumph of rich middle class willing & able to invest in new business & tech. (FC.96) Britain’s colonial empire (FC.96C) New agricultural tech’s (FC.109) New steam & textile tech. (FC.110)) Bank of Eng Money to invest (FC.96C) Steamships & RRs Tie continents & globe more tightly together (FC.112) Virtual explosion of new tech’s, esp. after creation of research labs (FC.117) Gradual improvement in women’s status (FC.114) Drastic changes in soc. & family structure (FC.113) Powerful forces & effects of Ind. Rev. spread across globe (FC.116)

4. More Jobs Raise production Higher standard of living Profusion of new tech’s Incentive to create new products Research labs Higher stand. of living after initial decline Drastic changes in people’s lives: Impers. urban soc + sep. of home & work Nucl. fam. More sales Rising status as seen in: Awful work cond’s Reforms More $ in economy More women in workforce More money and influence Women win the vote Dev. cont. interiors & link mkts, fact’s & resources RR’s, steamships & telegraph Global economic & political interdep. Govt’s need to fund RRs, & est. standard gauges & safety practices More educ. women More soc. mobility & freer fashions FC.111B AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Ind Rev starts in Britain (FC.111) Railroads (FC.112) Accelerating pace of technological change (FC.117) Social effects (FC.113) Impact on women (FC.114) Industrial Revolution spreads across globe (FC.116)

5. FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) Efforts to create steam locomotive More prod Jobs $ in ec. Sales Etc. Medi. & agr. advances raise stand. of living More people can afford consumer goods Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s 1st RR’s in BritProfits Serious shortage of horses Growing government involvement in: Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Dev. Contin. interiors Can grow cash crops 1st working locomotive (1804) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Virtual explosion of new inventions & tech (FC.117)

6. FC.113 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Village network of friends & relatives is replaced by: Nucl. Fam. in city w/less family & commun. support Growing reform movements: Low wages & little job security Work separates fam’s from home & each other Awful living cond’s: Polluted air & water & tainted food Poorly built & crowded housing Mass migration to urban areas New cities rise up quickly Awful working cond’s: Dangerous machinery & long days Growing social problems including crime, alcoholism & drugs Some fact. owners work to provide good housing & work conditions Truly nuclear fam’s isolated from relatives & neighbors by distance & private property Some family & community ties are maintained Govt. laws to regulate work conditions, public sanitation, etc. Relatives & friends tend to migrate to same cities Dramatic pop. growth People crowded together in tenements Real wages double by 1900 Rising standard of living by 1900: Workers form labor unions to win better work conditions. Longer life expectancy Industrial Revolution (FC.111) WWII (FC.136) WWII (FC.136) Housing shortage after WWII Fam’s move to their own separate homes in suburbs(FC.142) Rapid advances in public health & medicine (FC.117) Rapid advances in public health & medicine (FC.117)

7. FC. 114 THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT I (c.1800-1920) Suffrage movement to get the vote Women compete w/men for jobs Many women pushed out of “male” occupations Women pursue univ. educ’s Women’s efforts in other causesRealize they can fight for their own rt’s: MC women at home more literate & aware of Soc.Can get involved in charitable causes Women’s growing visibility & status Growing support for women’s rights More soc. mobility w/sports & less confining fashions MC women at home do the shopping Targeted by advertisers More women in “female” jobs as teachers, secr’s, etc. Late medieval women’s relatively higher status (FC.71A) Traditional gender roles Strong resistance to change (FC.6) Belief that Enl. ideas should also apply for women  Women involved in Fr. Rev. Hopes for their own rts.  Napoleon knocks women’s status back down Greater differentiation of sexes in 1800s (FC.100A) Ind. Rev Less need for men’s phys. strength (FC.111) Ind. Rev Less need for men’s phys. strength (FC.111) Ind RevBirth of consumer soc. (FC.117) Ind RevMore leisure for MC women (FC.117) World War I  Women more essential to econ. (FC.127) World War I  Women more essential to econ. (FC.127) Women win vote in many developed countries by 1925, but continue to struggle through 1900s for econ. & soc. equality (FC.148A)

8. FC. 115 THE MARXIST VIEW OF HISTORY & ITS IMPACT MARX SEES HISTORY AS EVOLVING THROUGH A SERIES OF ECONOMIC STAGES CHARACTERIZED BY CLASS STRUGGLES: No need for govt., family, or religion Slave society w/more conflict b/w slave & master as wealth increases Feudal soc. w/conflict b/w serf & lord Primitive society w/o any excess wealth no class conflicts Some owners survive while others don’t Increasingly smaller class of owners who individually are much richer To stay competitive, they invest in more efficient, but expensive machinery Must layoff workers Transitional govt. that will eventually evolve into ideal socialist society: No social classes or conflicts No private property Pointed out the role of economics & class struggle in history Marxist rev’s happened in pre-indus., not ind. soc’s Caused many govt. reforms both for & vs. Marxism Indiv. genius, greed, stupidity, etc. not accounted for Growing class of poor unable to support themselves or capitalist econ Workers’ rev. overthrows capitalism. Capitalist societyconflict between owners & workers Owners charge more for their goods than they paid Marxism successful in some ways but not in others: Ind. Rev. Social problems (FC.113) Ind. Rev. Social problems (FC.113)

9. Industrial Revolution spreads to W. Eur. & U.S. because: U.S.: Vast resources & trans-continent. RR  Rapid ind. growth Br. tries to keep their tech. from spreading beyond Britain W. Eur., U.S., & Japan industrialize, typically starting w/railroads Belgium: small size & closeness of coal & iron resources  1st in Eur. to indust. Econ. disunity & Internal tolls & in fragmented countries (e.g., Ger. & Italy) Br. industries far ahead of rest of the world because: Resistance to Ind. Rev. in countries seeing squalor of Br. cities Coal & iron resources in other countries isolated from each other France: Nap. III develops RR’s & then industries, harbors & foreign trade Geog. proximity to Br. exposes Eur. & U.S. to Br. tech. Germany: Unific.  Rapid indust. growth Passes Br. steel prod. & RR mileage Br. invests in cheaper for. ind’s & RR’s Common culture, esp. tech, of W. Eur. & U.S. to Br. Br. tech. leaks out to other countries W. Eur. & U.S. must compete vs. cheaper Br. goods Competition from Br. drains needed money from other countries FC. 116 INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS BEYOND BRITAIN (1850-1900) Indust. Rev. in Britain. (FC.111) Japan: rapidly industrializes after being forced open to trade by U.S., (FC.125) Competition for mkts & resources Eur., U.S. & Japan expand into Asia & Africa (FC.122) Growing tensions that erupt into WWI when there are no more areas for expansion (FC.126)

10. FC. 116A ‘THE ONGOING CYCLE OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION As a nation industrializes Higher cost of labor & living as econ. grows Less competitive in international mkts Build factories in non-ind. nations with cheap labor Ind. Rev. spreads to W. Eur., U.S., & Japan after 1850 Ind. Rev. spreads to E. Asian “Mini-dragons” after 1945 Ind. Rev. spreads to China, SE Asia, & India after 1990

11. FC.117 ACCELLERATING TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH (c.1850-1900) Ind. Rev  Higher standard of living Sales, production & employment rise Growing complexity of tech. separate from science Growing complexity of science separate from technology Incentive to create new products Govt’s & corporations invest in research labs that fuse science & technology New inventions at an ever faster pace Ideas for ever more inventions Far reaching economic, political & philosophical effects: Indus. states exert unprecedented power over their people New philosophies that challenge traditional beliefs Global econ. interdependence  Polit. interdep. Building mater’s:steel & concrete  Skyscrapers & much longer bridges Medicine: Anesthesia, germ theory & aseptic procedure  Cure &/or prevent many diseases Chemical indus.:Bleaches, dyes, soaps, veg. oils, & 1000’s of new products. Transportation:RR’s, steamships, cars & airplanes drastically cut travel time Agriculture: Chem. fertilizers, tractors, mech. reapers & combines  Better fed popul’s Communications:Telegraph, radio, & telephone cut time of comm’s from months to minutes New energy sources:Oil & electricity (which transfers energy over long distances) Birth of Ind. Rev. (FC.111) Birth of Scient. Rev. (FC.97)

12. FC.117A THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN SURGERY Discovery of anesthetic properties of ether & chloroform in 1840s  Painless surgeries Growing number of surgeries  Growing number of infections from surgeries Pasteur’s germ theory links microbes to disease & infection (1864) Joseph Lister sprays carbolic acid on patients as an antiseptic during surgery More patients survive, but some patients & medical staff react to the acid Patients’ infections shown to have same germs as those on surgeons’ hands Rubber gloves to protect nurse’s hands from spray of carbolic acid Aseptic procedure where everything in the operating room is sterilized Infections drastically reduced  More surgeries  More problems from blood loss Random blood transfusions  Many patients die until blood typing is discovered Use of Sodium citrate during WWI to keep blood from clotting  Long term storage of donated blood Discovery of penicillin in WWII allows Dr’s to halt internal infections w/o surgery Lack of anesthetics Few willing to undergo surgery (FC.98)

13. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s

14. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture?

15. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production

16. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

17. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

18. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

19. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

20. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

21. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

22. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

23. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

24. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

25. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? Inventor of the seed drill All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

26. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? Inventor of the seed drill 5) Advantages of this system? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

27. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? Inventor of the seed drill 5) Advantages of this system? No need for fallow & it made previously marginal land useful -> Can raise livestock-> More protein in diet-> more populous & healthier population All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

28. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? Inventor of the seed drill 5) Advantages of this system? No need for fallow & it made previously marginal land useful -> Can raise livestock-> More protein in diet-> more populous & healthier population 6) Problem this system caused & solution? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

29. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? Inventor of the seed drill 5) Advantages of this system? No need for fallow & it made previously marginal land useful -> Can raise livestock-> More protein in diet-> more populous & healthier population 6) Problem this system caused & solution? It required large tracts of land-> Enclosure movement All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

30. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? Inventor of the seed drill 5) Advantages of this system? No need for fallow & it made previously marginal land useful -> Can raise livestock-> More protein in diet-> more populous & healthier population 6) Problem caused by this new system and its solution? It required large tracts of land-> Enclosure movement 7) Two results of the Enclosure movement? All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

31. The Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s 1) What was the vicious cycle of 18th century agriculture? 2) What was the vicious cycle created by the heavy plow? 3) What 2 factors-> change in agr.? Rich MC w/$ to invest & New agr. tech’s from Scientific Rev 4) Name and describe the new agricultural system. The 4-Field system which rotated turnips, barley, clover & wheat ECT: Name of the inventor of the 4-Field system? Turnip Townsend ECT: Who was Jethro Tull? Inventor of the seed drill 5) Advantages of this system? No need for fallow & it made previously marginal land useful -> Can raise livestock-> More protein in diet-> more populous & healthier population 6) Problem caused by this new system and its solution? It required large tracts of land-> Enclosure movement 7) Two results of the Enclosure movement? Population growth & those people displaced from land migrated to cities-> Labor source for factories All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed

32. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION No fallow  % land used goes from 67  100% Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No change Stagnant agric. production 4-field system using turnips, barley, wheat (or some variant), & clover (to replenish soil) Several advantages: Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Can use less fertile lands Crop rotation Keeps land fertile Vastly expanded potential for food prod. Peasants can afford feed for livestock More meat & protein in commoners’ diet Requires large tracts of land to practice Enclosure Movement to enclose large tracts of land Many peasants must leave their lands to move to cities for homes & jobs Dramatic population growth as agric. prod. grows by as much as 2X Affects Br’s population in 2 ways: Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64) Enlightenment Scient. advances (FC.97) Labor supply for Britain’s textile mills (FC.111)

33. VIDEO ART QUIZ!!!! IDENTIFY THE ARTIST AND SUBJECT OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PAINTINGS

35. The Third of May by Francisco Goya

37. The Gleaners by Millet

38. Who did this painting and what was the story behind it?

39. The Raft of the Medusa by Theodore Gericault

41. Woman with a Parrot by Eugene Delacroix Woman with a Parrot by Gustave Courbet

42. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution

43. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution?

44. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution? Moved to the hills->Labor shortage-> Experimented with waterwheels

45. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution? Moved to the hills->Labor shortage-> Experimented with waterwheels ECT: Name of the Greek who invented the steam engine?

46. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution? Moved to the hills->Labor shortage-> Experimented with waterwheels ECT: Name of the Greek who invented the steam engine? Hiero of Alexandria

47. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution? Moved to the hills->Labor shortage-> Experimented with waterwheels ECT: Name of the Greek who invented the steam engine? Hiero of Alexandria ECT: Three arrangements of the waterwheel and their relative efficiencies?

48. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution? Moved to the hills->Labor shortage-> Experimented with waterwheels ECT: Name of the Greek who invented the steam engine? Hiero of Alexandria ECT: Three arrangements of the waterwheel and their relative efficiencies? Horizontal (10%), Vertical undershot (20-30%), and Vertical overshot (50-70%)

49. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution? Moved to the hills->Labor shortage-> Experimented with waterwheels ECT: Name of the Greek who invented the steam engine? Hiero of Alexandria ECT: Three arrangements of the waterwheel and their relative efficiencies? Horizontal (10%), Vertical undershot (20-30%), and Vertical overshot (50-70%) ECT: Discuss a letter to the emperor Tiberius& his reply.

50. The Technological background to the Industrial Revolution 1) What was the role of the Cistercian monks in the Industrial Revolution? Moved to the hills->Labor shortage-> Experimented with waterwheels ECT: Name of the Greek who invented the steam engine? Hiero of Alexandria ECT: Three arrangements of the waterwheel and their relative efficiencies? Horizontal (10%), Vertical undershot (20-30%), and Vertical overshot (50-70%) ECT: Discuss a letter to the emperor Tiberius& his reply. He turned down an offer of device that could do the work of 40 men since it would put people out of work.