GIS Modeling

1. Classes of Map Analysis Operations GIS Modeling GIS Modeling logically sequences map analysis operations (Spatial Analysis, Surface Modeling and Spatial Data Mining) to solve spatial problems… Thinking with Maps (Berry)

2. Three elements of a GIS Model Decision Support Systems Framework (Berry)

3. Relative Suitability Mountain Property Development Suitability Modeling (Full Exercise #8) (Berry)

4. The logical sequence of map analysis operations is contained in a Command Script that can be easily changed to simulate different scenarios Capturing Model Logic (Command Script) (Berry)

5. Suitability Modeling (Comparing Scenarios) (Berry)

6. Existing Powerline Goal– identify thebest route for an electric transmission linethat considers various criteria for minimizing adverse impacts. Proposed Substation Houses • Criteria – the transmission line route should… • Avoid areas ofhigh housing density • Avoid areas that arefar from roads • Avoid areaswithin or near sensitive areas • Avoid areas of highvisual exposure to houses Roads Sensitive Areas Elevation Houses Transmission Line Siting Model (Berry)

7. Avoid areas of… High Housing Density Far from Roads In or Near Sensitive Areas High Visual Exposure …build on this single factor Model logic is captured in a flowchart where the boxes represent maps and lines identify processing steps leading to a spatial solution Siting Model Flowchart(Model Logic) (Berry)

8. Step 1 Identify overall Discrete Preference(1 good to 9 bad rating) End Start Start Step 2 Generate anAccumulated Preferencesurface from the starting location to everywhere End Step 3 Step 2 Step 1 Step 3 Identify theMost Preferred Routefrom the end location Model logic is captured in a flowchart where the boxes represent maps and lines identify processing steps leading to a spatial solution Siting Model Flowchart(Model Logic) (Berry)

9. Calibration Weighting HDensity RProximity SAreas VExposure Step 1 Discrete Preference Map (Berry)

10. Step 2 Accumulated Preference Map Splash Algorithm – like tossing a stick into a pond with waves emanating out and accumulating costs as the wave front moves (Berry)

11. Step 3 Most Preferred Route …steepest downhill path “re-traces” the accumulated cost wave front that got there first (Berry)

12. Generating Optimal Path Corridors (Berry)

13. …see Application Paper \GW04_routing Infusing stakeholder perspectives into Calibration and Weighting …of Engineering considerations, Natural Environment consequences and Built Environment impacts Global routing solution identifies the Optimal Route (blue line) and Optimal Corridor (cross-hatched) …see Application Paper \GITA_Oil&Gas_04 Power and Pipeline Routing (Advanced GIS Models) (Berry)

14. 5) The best route and corridor is determined for conditions favoring each group’s perspective and one where all are equally weighted– Four alternative routes reflecting different perspectives 1) Locations that prohibit siting are eliminated from consideration Simulations Exclusions Stakeholder Groups 4) Relative importance weights for the Criteria Maps within each group are used to calculate an overall preference map 3) The categories on each Criteria Map are calibrated to a range of 1=best to 9= worst for siting a transmission line Weighting Calibration etc. etc. etc. Criteria Categories 2) Information that influence transmission line siting are identified Real World Routing Application (Processing Schematic) B E N (avg) B E N B E N B E N Built Engr. Natural Excluded Proximity Buildings Building Density Visual Exposure Proximity Schools Existing Utilities Trans- poration Land Cover Proximity Excluded Flood- plane Hydro- graphy Public Lands Slope (Berry)

15. E=1 N=1 B=5 E=5 N=1 B=1 E=1 N=5 B=1 E=1 N=1 B=1 Weighting one stakeholder group over the othersderives Alternative Corridors that emphasize stakeholder particular concerns Identifying the Routing Decision Space Combining alternative corridors identifies the decision space reflecting various perspectives …the routing decision space is identified by combining the Alternative Corridors GeoWorld magazine feature article on the EPRI_GTC projecthttp://www.geoplace.com/gw/2004/0404/0404pwr.asp

16. Acquire Additional Detailed Field Data The Siting Team collects additional very detailed field data within the decision space defined by the Alternative Corridors

17. …based on the detailed field data, the Siting Team investigates the impacts of the Alternative Routes Investigating the Alternative Routes (GIS-derived ) • Standardized Alternative Routes • Built • Natural • Engineering • Simple “Simple” Discrete Preference Surface shown as background … avoid areas in warmer tones (red) and favor locating in cooler tones (green) Built-up Area (avoid) Less Suitable Open Field (favor) More Suitable Note: if the additional detailed data warrants, the Siting Team can re-locate portions of the GIS-derived Alternative Routes but a formal statement of the reasons are required; alignment of a potential route outside of the decision space requires an exception petition (analogous to land use re-zoning)

18. GIS-derived Scores Expert Judgment Evaluating Potential Routes (selecting the Preferred) …the relative merits of top few potential routes are discussed by the Siting Team and then ranked to identify the most preferred route

19. Spatial Processing Cognitive Levels ofJudgment Philosopher's Levels of Understanding Map Types Base – measured features, conditions and characteristics (fact) Facts – Earth circumference is 24,900 mi – Britney Spears was born 12/2/1981 – Britney Spears is 25 years old – the temperature is 32o F : Collect – direct acquisition of primary information(e.g. elevation) Data – all facts Calculate – uses algorithms to derive secondary information (e.g., slope) Derived – inferred conditions and characteristics(implied fact) Relevant Facts – the temperature is 32oF Information – facts within a context Prescription Increasing Abstraction —Description Interpreted – adjusted to reflect expertise and presumption (judgment) Perception – it sure is cold (Floridian) – it’s not cold (Alaskan) Calibrate/Weight – translates information into relative scales(preference & importance) Knowledge – interrelationships among relevant facts Modeled – potential solution within model logic and expression (conjoined judgment) Simulate – “what if” investigation of alternative scenarios (multiple perspectives) Opinions/Values – I hate this weather (Floridian) – I love this weather (Alaskan) Wisdom – actionable knowledge The Softer Side of GIS(Beyond Mapping III Epilog) Where we have been in GIS Where we are headed in GIS

20. Spatial Analysis— “contextual” relationships within and among mapped data (Reclassify, Overlay, Distance, and Neighbors) From mapping to Spatial Reasoning …changing our Map Paradigm Thinking with Maps! Where Have We Been? Computer Mapping -- Spatial dB Management -- GIS Modeling • Surface Modeling— maps the “spatial distribution” and pattern of point data(Map Generalization, Spatial Interpolation and Others) • Data Mining— “numerical” relationships within and among mapped data (Descriptive, Predictive, and Prescriptive) (Berry)

21. www.innovativegis.com/basis Online Papers Online Materials Hardcopy Books Software More on Map Analysis and GIS Modeling (Berry)