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Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions. Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM. Class 5: Astronomy 101 & Celestial Motions. Class updates: • Reading: 18.4, 22.1-22.5, 24.1 • Extra credit: Geology Colloquium
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Class 5: Astronomy 101 Celestial Motions Very Large Array (VLA) Soccoro, NM
Class 5: Astronomy 101 & Celestial Motions Class updates: • Reading: 18.4, 22.1-22.5, 24.1 • Extra credit: Geology Colloquium - Wed./Thurs./Fri. this week (www.geo.utep.edu 2011 Colloquium link) • Homework 2 & Midterm1 returned Today’s topics: • Where are we in the universe? • Important people • Tools of Astronomy • • Seasons • Lunar phases • Eclipses
Planet? Galaxy? Supercluster? Universe? Star-orbiting system? Cluster Group? Where are we in the universe?
Constellation Orion Hubble Stellar Nurseries
Solar System Formation solar nebula
rocky planets (Terrestrial) gas planets (Jovian) Our Solar System STANDARD MODEL
Jupiter, 11x Rearth Uranus, 4.1x Rearth Saturn, 9.5x Rearth Neptune, 4.0x Rearth Pluto, 0.2x Re The Solar System 1 AU: distance from Sun to Earth = 150,000,00 km Venus Mars Asteroid Belt Jupiter Mercury SUN 1 AU 2 AU 3 AU 4 AU 5 AU 1.5 AU S U N 1 AU 5 AU 10 AU 20 AU 30 AU 40 AU
The Solar System words Mercury Venus Earth Mars Asteroids Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto YOU SHOULD KNOW:
How do we know? Who is responsible?
Early Astronomers •500 BC Pythagoras - thought Earth was round from moon observations • 350 BC Aristotle - first to suggest that all planets & stars orbited the Earth (wrong!) - Earth-Centered model = Geocentric Model Pythagoras Aristotle 500 250 0 250 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 AD
Ptoo bad for Ptolemey Claudius Ptolemey (100 - 170 A.D.) Ptolemy geocentric diagram (Earth at center) Pythagoras Aristotle Ptolemy 500 250 0 250 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 AD
Crazy (but not really) Copernicus Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) Copernicus heliocentric diagram (Sun at center) Pythagoras Copernicus Aristotle Ptolemy 500 250 0 250 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 AD
Keeping up with Kepler Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630 A.D.) Kepler’s Laws (3) Pythagoras Kepler Copernicus Aristotle Ptolemy 500 250 0 250 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 AD
Galileo the Great Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642 A.D.) Galileo’s moon phases Pythagoras Galileo Kepler Copernicus Aristotle Ptolemy 500 250 0 250 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 AD
infrared image x-ray image visible image Light waves: traveling energy
Optical Telescopes mirror light in (more common) eyepiece eyepiece lense light in
Radio Telescopes light in visible radio visible radio
Where should telescopes go? US light pollution Mauna Kea, Hawaii
• Hubble Space Telescope • Hubble Space Telescope • Keck: Mauna Kea, Hi • Hubble Space Telescope • Keck: Mauna Kea, Hi • Hale: Palomar Obs., CA • Hubble Space Telescope • Keck: Mauna Kea, Hi • Hale: Palomar Obs., CA • Clark: Lowell Obs., AZ • Hubble Space Telescope • Keck: Mauna Kea, Hi • Hale: Palomar Obs., CA • Clark: Lowell Obs., AZ • Shane: Lick Obs., CA • Hubble Space Telescope • Keck: Mauna Kea, Hi • Hale: Palomar Obs., CA • Clark: Lowell Obs., AZ • Shane: Lick Obs., CA • Kitt Peak Obs., AZ • Hubble Space Telescope • Keck: Mauna Kea, Hi • Hale: Palomar Obs., CA • Clark: Lowell Obs., AZ • Shane: Lick Obs., CA • Kitt Peak Obs., AZ • Aricebo, Puerto Rico Telescopes and Observatories (you should visit) • Hubble Space Telescope • Keck: Mauna Kea, Hi • Hale: Palomar Obs., CA • Clark: Lowell Obs., AZ • Shane: Lick Obs., CA • Kitt Peak Obs., AZ • Aricebo, Puerto Rico • Very Large Array (VLA), NM
Rotation & Revolution rotation revolution
23.5° North Pole Equator Equator Reason for Seasons?
Reason for Seasons Sun Sun Earth’s orbit Earth’s orbit Earth Spin axis (Winter) NH SH (Summer) Sun
Reason for Seasons Sun Sun Earth’s orbit Earth’s orbit Earth Spin axis (Summer) NH SH Sun (Winter)
Northern Hemisphere Seasons
Summer sun path Winter sun path Day/Night & the Seasons •Why are days are longer in the summer, shorter in the winter?
Times of Moonrise and Moonset Phase Moonrise Moonset New Dawn Sunset First Quarter Noon Midnight Full Sunset Dawn Third Quarter Midnight Noon
Day 7 Day 1 NP Day 14 Day 21 Why We Always See the Same Side of the Moon
Eclipses partial solar eclipse total solar eclipse lunar eclipse
Solar Eclipses How do they happen? • Moon moves in between Sun and Earth, blocks sunlight • Only from within the tiny area where the dark umbra touches the Earth will you see the Sun completely covered and witness a total eclipse. • From anywhere in the grey penumbra, you will see some part of the sun shining from behind the moon. The penumbra is the area of partial eclipse.
total eclipse partial eclipse Solar Eclipses The Moon is much smaller than the Sun so how can the Moon block out the Sun?
Solar Eclipse Movie Movie of solar eclipse taken in India (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
Eclipses: Why so Infrequent? Why isn’t there a solar eclipse & lunar eclipse once every month? Sun Earth’s orbit Earth Moon Moon’s orbit