The 1912 Election Key Issues

1. The 1912 Election Key Issues

2. 1912 ELECTION • TR runs against Taft for the Republican nomination. • TR is not nominated for the Republican nomination because the Conservatives supported Taft. • Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel, • Sec. of the Interior Ballinger opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to development • Angered TR's pro-conservation stand.

3. TheBallinger-PinchotControversy

4. 1912 ELECTION • TR forms his own party called the Progressive “Bull Moose Party”…….. • As a result, TR splits the Republican Party and Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) will be elected.

5. The Progressive Party& Theodore Roosevelt

6. GOP Divided by Bull MooseEquals Democratic Victory!

7. 1912 ELECTION • Roosevelt’s Campaign Slogan • New Nationalism: Favored an active government role in economic and social affairs. • Good vs. bad trusts which were regulated by the U.S. Govt. • Continuation of his Square Deal policies. • Direct Election of Senators • Tariff reduction • Presidential primaries • Regulation of monopolies • End child labor • Women’s suffrage

8. NoThird-TermPrinciple

9. 1912 ELECTION New Nationalism New Freedom • Goal: • Continuation of his Square Deal which were reforms to help the common man. • Favored a more active govt role in economic and social affairs. • Good trusts vs. bad trusts • Direct election of senators • Tariff reduction • Presidential primaries • Regulation of monopolies • End child labor • Initiative and referendum • Women’s suffrage • Goal: • Favored an active role in economic and social affairs. • Favored small businesses and the free functioning and unregulated and unmonopolized markets. • Tackle the “triple wall of privilege”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. • Similar to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism.

10. 1912 ELECTION

11. 1912 ELECTION

12. GOP Divided by Bull MooseEquals Democratic Victory!

13. TheGOP: AnExtinctAnimal?

14. 1912 ELECTION • Wilson’s Slogan • New Freedom: restore the free competition and equal opportunity but not through big government…. • Tackle the “triple wall of privilege”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. • Wilson passes quite a bit of legislation which was similar to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism…. • Federal Trade Commission • 16th Amendment • Underwood Tariff Bill • Federal Reserve Act • Clayton Anti-Trust Act • Keating-Owen Act (Hammer v. Dagenhart) Progressive Movement ends in 1917 with US entrance into WWI Wilson’s time is devoted to the WWI instead of the Progressive Reforms.

15. Moral Diplomacy • Wilson tries to move away from imperialism, but is forced to intervene in places like Haiti and the Dominican Republic due to political turmoil. • Purchase of Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917.

16. Moral Diplomacy in Mexico • A billion dollars in investment by Americans by 1913 • Victoriano Huerta installed as president in 1913, and over a million Mexicans flee to the U.S. in the first three decades of the 20th century • Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta’s government.

17. Moral Diplomacy in Mexico • Allows weapons to go to Huerta’s rivals (Carranza and Pancho Villa) in 1914 • American soldiers arrested at Tampico, and Wilson asks for authority to use force on Mexico. • Wilson orders the Navy to seize the Mexican port of Vera Cruz. • ABC powers mediate, and Huerta’s government collapses with Carranza taking over

18. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I • Nationalism • Countries proud of their heritage and culture • Similar topatriotism • Ethnic groups of similar heritage wanted to free their oppressed brethren and unite their people into one country • Germany wanted to expand its culture and political influence throughout Europe.

19. 4. Aggressive Nationalism

20. franz ASSASSINATION OF FRANZ FERDINAND Franz Ferdinand’s funeral procession Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family. Archduke was heir to the throne in the Austrian Hungarian Empire. His assassination June 28, 1914 eventually led to WWI. Garvillo Princip, a Serbian nationalist assassinated the Archduke. He was trying to gain allowances for his fellow Serbs who lived under Austrian rule.

21. alliances1 ALLIANCES LEAD TO WWI • Austrian-Hungarian Empire controlled several ethic groups. • Serbian nationalists wanted to untie Serbs who lived in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire with Serbia. • This led to the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Saravejo

22. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I • Imperialism • France, Great Britain, Germany and Russia were establishing colonies in Africa and Asia • economic and political control over other countries…… • these countries were in competition for colonies

23. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I European nations competing for colonies around the world…..Imperialism

24. Cartoon-European grab bag COLONIAL CLAIMS BY 1900

25. Cartoon-European grab bag COLONIAL CLAIMS BY 1900

26. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I • Militarism • European nations began an arms race as they competed for colonies around the world……

28. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, British and Russia] in millions of dollars. By 1906, President Roosevelt had built the US Navy into the 3rd largest naval fleet in the world….The Great White Fleet

29. Mobilization • Home by Christmas! • No major war in 50 years! • Nationalism!

30. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I • Alliances • European nations began forming military alliances with one another to maintain a balance of power …….. • Triple Alliance Triple EntenteCentral PowersAllied Powers • Germany Great Britain Austria-Hungary Empire FranceBulgaria Russia

31. alliances1 ALLIANCES LEAD TO WWI • June 28Assassination at Sarajevo • July 28Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia • July 30Russia began mobilization • 4. August 1Germany declared war on Russia

32. alliances2 ALLIANCES LEAD TO WWI • August 3Germany declared war on France • 6. August 3Great Britain declared war on Germany • August 6Russia and Austria/Hungary at war. • August 12Great Britain declared war on Austria/Hungary

33. Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers Central Powers Great Britain Germany Austrian-Hungarian Empire France Russia Turkey Italy

35. GERMAN INVASION OF BELGIUM battle fronts • German invasion in August of 1914, through Belgium to conquer France. • Gave French and British militaries enough time to mobilize their army • Belgium puts up a strong fight. • 1st Battle of the Marne River, France and Great Britain stop Germany from capturing Paris. • France, England and Germany involve itself in trench warfare from 1914 to 1918

36. battle fronts

37. STALEMATE AND WARFARE Stalemate • By September 1914, the war had reached a stalemate, a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage. • When a French and British force stopped a German advance near Paris, both sides holed up in trenches separated by an empty “no man’s land.” Small gains in land resulted in huge numbers of human casualties. • Both sides continued to add new allies, hoping to gain an advantage. Modern Warfare • Neither soldiers nor officers were prepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines used in WW I. • Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery shells, and poison gas killed thousands of soldiers who left their trenches to attack the enemy. • As morale fell, the lines between soldiers and civilians began to blur. The armies began to burn fields, kill livestock, and poison wells.

38. US IN 1914 • Panama Canal was completed in August of 1914 just a week before WWI began in Europe. • Woodrow Wilson became President in 1912. • Americans were shocked by the outbreak of war but…………..it was in Europe. • US was officially NEUTRAL

39. WILSON'S NEUTRALITY The effect of the war upon the United States will depend upon what American citizens say and do. Every man who really loves America will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality, which is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendlinessto all concerned. The people of the United States are drawn from many nations, and chiefly from the nations now at war. It is natural and inevitable that there should be the utmost variety of sympathy.Some will wish one nation, others another, to succeed in the momentous struggle. I venture, therefore, my fellow countrymen, the United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days that are to try men's souls. CONFLICTING SYMPATHIES

40. notes2 US POLICY BEFORE WWI • US believed • It had the right to trade with the warring nations • Warring nations must respect ourneutrality • in the freedom of the seas • German submarine warfare and British blockade violated our neutrality

41. Effects of Allied blockade • 1914, $70 million in trade with Central powers • 1916, trade reduced to $1.3 million • Allied trade • Grew from $825 million to $3.2 billion in same time period • WWI transformed the US from a debtorto a creditornation

42. SUBMARINE WARFARE • The Germans could not match Great Britain's superior navy. • Germans introduced unrestricted submarine warfare with U-Boats • Germans warned the world they would sink any ship they believed was carrying contraband to Great Britain.

43. U-Boats • Two types • small subs with a crew of 24 • larger subs with a crew of 60 • 44 by 1918 • By 1918, Germans had sunk 6,500 allied ships.

44. Lusitania ad

45. war zone

46. SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA • May 7, 1915, the Germans sunk the Lusitania which was British passenger liner. • Germans believed it was carrying contraband (weapons) to the British. • Killed 1,198 civilians including 128 Americans. • U.S. and other countries outraged towards Germany because of “unrestricted submarine warfare”. • US believed the Germans had violated international law of targeting civilians

47. Lusitania

48. SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA • After the sinking of the Lusitania, public opinion of most Americans was to go to war with Germany. • Germany promised they would not sink anymore ships unless warning them first and providing safety for civilians. • BUT, President Wilson was able to “keep us out of war” ….

49. war zone X Sussex Sunk: led to Sussex Pledge in March 1916. Germany promised not to sink anymore ships.