Multifunctional Agriculture and Opportunities for Agroforestry – Implications of IAASTD

1. Multifunctional Agriculture and Opportunities for Agroforestry – Implications of IAASTD “inescapable interconnectedness of agriculture’s different roles and functions” Roger RB Leakey James Cook University Cairns, AUSTRALIA

2. ‘Multifunctional agriculture’ recognizes agriculture as a multi-output activity producing commodities and non-commodity externalities and public goods, such as environmental services, landscape amenities and cultural heritages. IAASTD =$

3. Assess the Impacts of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology on Environmentally, Socially and Economically Sustainable Rural Development Worldwide IAASTD: 2005-2008 INTER-GOVERNMENTAL PLENARY, JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA A new paradigm for agriculture based on a set of policy issues was approved by 62 governments on April 11th 2008 Thus, in principle, there is acceptance of the need for a new paradigm for agriculture based on the concepts of multifunctionality practice?

4. Reportsfor detailssee www.agassessment.org 1 Global Report 5 Regional Reports (Central and West Asia and North Africa; East and South Asia and the Pacific; Latin America and the Caribbean; North America and Europe; and Sub-Saharan Africa) Synthesis Report (95 pages) Global Summary for Decision Makers (36 pages) Regional Summaries for Decision Makers (17-21 pages) Executive Summary for Synthesis Report (23 pages) 8 Policy Briefs

5. IAASTD calls for the Evolution of Agriculture Greater Multi-functionality

6. Regulated by social organizations - national / international level Regulated by social organizations at the community level SCALE OF THE PROBLEM 50% of the world population (3.2 billion) live on less than US$2 per day. 2 billion people are malnourished. 2 billion ha of land are degraded (38% of world’s crop land). The cycle of biophysical and socio-economic processes causing ecosystem degradation and social deprivation (after Leakey et al., 2005)

7. MULTIFUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURE ‘delivering socially, economically and environmentally sustainable rural development’ AGROFORESTRY ‘a dynamic, ecologically-based natural resources management system that, through the integration of trees into agricultural systems and landscapes, diversifies and increases production, while simultaneously promoting social, economic and environmental benefits for land users’

8. Low input and agroecological technologies that contribute to MFA • Low-input, resource-conserving technologies, that are also socially-relevant, pro-poor, approaches to agriculture and build social and natural capital at community and landscape levels include: • Organic agriculture, • Agroforestry, • Conservation agriculture, • Ecoagriculture • Permaculture. • Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM), • Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), • Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), • Integrated Crop and Livestock Management (ICLM), • Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

9. MFA delivery Agroforestry, in common with other low-input systems, addresses: • soil fertility management; • rehabilitation of degraded farming systems; • loss of biodiversity above and below ground; • carbon sequestration; • soil and watershed protection. Agroforestry also adds: • useful and marketable tree products for income generation, fuel, food and nutritional security/health and the enhancement of local livelihoods; • complex mature and functioning agroecosystems akin to natural woodlands and forests; • linkages with culture through the food and other products of indigenous trees that are of traditional importance to local people.

10. Rehabilitate Degraded Land and Restore Soil Fertility Most poor smallholder farmers cannot afford fertilizers Well developed and easily adopted ‘Improved fallow’ systems are effective and can raise crop yields 3-4 fold.

11. Diversification of farming systems to create mature agroecosystems Environmental sustainability, carbon sequestration and agroecosystem function

12. Diverse and mature agroecosystems integrate food crops with tree crops People in Developing Countries still have to provide food, medicines and all their other day-to-day needs for themselves from their natural resources, without any support from social services. Modern farming systems lack all the species that used to provide all the products needed for everyday survival.

13. Agroforestry for products and services that meet local and traditional needs Social sustainability Well-being, health, nutrition, gender equity, tradition and culture, empowerment, etc.

14. Recognize the important role of local people, their traditions and culture

15. Climate change and the Carbon Cost of Agriculture Agriculture’s ecological footprint includes all the environmental costs of producing the raw materials, energy, machinery, pesticides, fertilizers, etc. Agroforestry has a low carbon footprint and can reduce emissions of GHGs. Mollison, 1988

16. AF steps to MFA Agroforestry has three prime steps to sustainable development: • the restoration of lost productive capacity in farm land, especially degraded land (soil fertility management), • the creation of new opportunities for greater and more diversified production with enhanced utility and profitability (tree domestication), • the promotion of value-adding of AFTPs, entrepreneurism and job creation in rural communities (commercialization of agroforestry products).

17. Step 1. Restoration of Soil Fertility

18. Step 2. The domestication of a wide range of local species

19. Natural forests Common property extractive natural resources for hunter gatherers Agroforests Private natural resources cultivated by farmers NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPs) AGROFORESTRY TREEPRODUCTS (AFTPs) (Simons and Leakey, 2004) D O M E S T I C A T I O N Timber Forestplantations

20. Step 3. Commercialization of new products Agricultural diversification requires commercial diversification

21. Step 1 – Improved fallows Step 2 – Tree domestication Step 3 – Product commercialization Outputs and benefits Integration of the 3 stepsto: reduce poverty, malnutrition, hunger and land degradation. For example: Closing the ‘Yield Gap’

22. “Fasten Your Seat Belts” for a Safari to see Multifunctional Agriculture in PracticeAgroforestry as the Delivery Mechanism for MFA

23. 5 RRC’s $ MFA in ACTION 1(485 villages / 7100 Farmers + Entrepreneurs, Traders, Microfinance)

24. Agroforestry has improved our lives I’m buying fertilizers and have a cow I’ve improved my house and built a well I’ve decided to be a nursery man and stay in my village My family are healthier and going to school My kids are eating fruits and veg I’m processing and trading AFTPs Agroforestry delivers multiple benefits 31 positive impacts identified

25. Sold 18 tonnes of kernels for $438,000 in 2004 in Port Vila. MFA in ACTION 2

26. MFA in ACTION 3 PhytoTrade patent

27. Integrated AF Practices MFA will not be delivered by a single AF system. It will require a series of AF practices integrated across the farm

28. Public – Private Sector Partnerships

29. Participatory domestication of Allanblackia spp. Public-Private-Partnership involving local communities, national and international researchers and Unilever plc. Kernels contain a hard white fat high in oleic (39-49%) and stearic (52-58%) acids.

31. Multifunctional Agriculture Agroforestry is poised to be the implementing mechanism

32. Opportunities for Agroforestry arising out of MFA • Promote agroforestry as a key delivery mechanism for MFA – the proposed new paradigm for agricultural and rural development approved by 62 countries. • Use MFA to improve public knowledge and understanding of the importance of agroforestry. • Scale up agroforestry R&D to level having significant economic, social and environmental impacts.

33. Agroforestry has the potential for rapid adoption • 1.8 billion involved and needy clients • 1 billion hectares of land For the adoption of Multifunctional Agriculture, agroforestry represents one of the “low hanging fruits” that can be implemented straight away.

34. Issues and Challenges raised by IAASTD Authors were pleased to hear that AF is a contributor to MFA. They expressed their view that agroforesters were rather aloof and poorly integrated with Agriculturalists. IAASTD process identified that Agroforestry has a PR image problem (100’s of reviewers). AF = only 50,000 ha and it is well known to be a failure (cf: 1 billion hectares)

35. The AF Dissemination Continuum Research publications Research

36. The AF Dissemination Continuum Research publications Research Transfer to farmers

37. The AF Dissemination Continuum Research publications Research Transfer to farmers Adoption

38. The AF Dissemination Continuum Research publications Research Transfer to farmers Adoption Identification and quantification of impacts (QBL)

39. The AF Dissemination Continuum Research publications Research Transfer to farmers Adoption Identification and quantification of impacts (QBL) Communicate to policymakers

40. The AF Dissemination Continuum Research publications Research Transfer to farmers Adoption Identification and quantification of impacts (QBL) Communicate to policymakers Communicate to the public: TV, Press, Popular magazines

41. The AF Dissemination Continuum Research publications Research Transfer to farmers Adoption Identification and quantification of impacts (QBL) Communicate to policymakers Communicate to the public: TV, Press, Popular magazines Primary and Secondary Education

42. The Challenge is not how to improve the lot of subsistence farmer households at the village level – it is how to scale the process up to tens of millions of people each year to meet the sustainable development goals. Our ability to achieve this will be enhanced if agroforestry can be seen as the delivery mechanism for Multifunctional Agriculture.