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Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton

7. Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton. The Thoracic Cage. Forms the framework of the chest Components Thoracic vertebrae—posteriorly Ribs—laterally Sternum and costal cartilage—anteriorly Protects thoracic organs Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs

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Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton

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  1. 7 Bones, Part 1:The Axial Skeleton

  2. The Thoracic Cage • Forms the framework of the chest • Components • Thoracic vertebrae—posteriorly • Ribs—laterally • Sternum and costal cartilage—anteriorly • Protects thoracic organs • Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs • Provides attachment sites for muscles

  3. The Thoracic Cage Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Sternum Xiphisternal joint True ribs (1–7 Xiphoid process False ribs (8–12) Intercostal spaces L1 Vertebra Costal cartilage Costal margin Floating ribs (11, 12) (a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view Figure 7.24a

  4. The Thoracic Cage T2 Jugular notch T3 Sternal angle T4 Heart Xiphisternal Xiphisternal joint T9 (b) Midsagittal section through the thorax, showing the relationship of surface anatomical landmarks of the thorax to the vertebral column Figure 7.24b

  5. Sternum • Formed from three sections • Manubrium—superior section • Articulates with medial end of clavicles • Body—bulk of sternum • Sides are notched at articulations for costal cartilage of ribs 2–7 • Xiphoid process—inferior end of sternum • Ossifies around age 40

  6. Ribs • All ribs attach to vertebral column posteriorly • True ribs - superior seven pairs of ribs • Attach to sternum by costal cartilage • False ribs—inferior five pairs of ribs • Ribs 11–12 are known as floating ribs

  7. Ribs Articular facet on tubercle of rib Spinous process Shaft Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Ligaments Neck of rib Body of thoracic vertebra Head of rib Superior costal facet (for head of rib) (c) Superior view of the articulation between a rib and a thoracic vertebra Figure 7.25c

  8. Disorders of the Axial Skeleton • Cleft palate • A common congenital disorder • Right and left halves of palate fail to fuse medially • Stenosis of the lumbar spine • Narrowing of the vertebral canal • Can compress roots of spinal nerves

  9. Disorders of the Axial Skeleton • Abnormal spinal curvatures • Scoliosis—an abnormal lateral curvature • Kyphosis—an exaggerated thoracic curvature • Lordosis—an accentuated lumbar curvature; “swayback”

  10. The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life • Membrane bones begin to ossify in second month of development • Bone tissue grows outward from ossification centers • Fontanels • Unossified remnants of membranes

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