Nanoparticles for Textiles and Textile Manufacturing

1. Nanoparticles for Textiles and Textile Manufacturing Prof. Paul KIEKENS Ghent University, Department of Textiles, Belgium http://textiles.UGent.be Shinshu University, Japan

2. During the last 15 years, the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology have expanded internationally and their growth has perhaps been more dramatic than in most other fields. They have been transformed into an intense and highly competitive research arena, encompassing practically all disciplines that include theoretical and experimental physics, inorganic, organic and structural chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, medicine, materials science, metallurgy, ceramics, electrical engineering, electronics, computational engineering and information technology. The Oxford Handbook of “Nanoscience and Technology”, Vol. I to III, A.V. Narlikar and Y.Y. Fu (editors), Oxford University Press, 2010 Shinshu University, Japan

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4. NanoMaterials August 2014 Shinshu University, Japan

5. August 2014 Shinshu University, Japan

6. Top-down and bottom-up synthesis for the research fields of physics, biology and chemistry, within the scope of nanotechnology. Source : Verein der Ingenieure (VDI), Düsseldorf, (Engineers Association) www.vdi.de Shinshu University, Japan

7. 54 atoms 36 atoms at the surface 18 atoms internally 54 atoms 24 atoms at the surface 30 atoms internally Nano-activity Supramolecular vision Shinshu University, Japan

8. Nano-activity Based on fundamentallaws of Physicsand Chemistry Schrödinger equation → Quantum mechanics (Quantum SizeEffects : QSE) Shinshu University, Japan August 2014

9. Nanotechnology and Textiles plus Clothing • Nanofibres • Nanocoatings • Nanoparticles in bulk of textile materials • Nano and intelligent textiles Shinshu University, Japan

10. Fig. 1 : semi-industrial production unit Fig. 2 : SEM-picture of nanoweb August 2014 Shinshu University, Japan

11. CNT Carbon nanotubes Shinshu University, Japan

12. Graphene layers : 6-membered rings Shinshu University, Japan

13. Lotus effect Shinshu University, Japan

14. Side view scanning electron microscope image of a silicon surface textured with (a) cylindrical pillars and (b) nanocones Shinshu University, Japan

15. Superhydrophobic : a = 150 °and more Shinshu University, Japan

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17. POSS Shinshu University, Japan

18. POSS Shinshu University, Japan

19. PET-fibre + nanocoating Shinshu University, Japan

20. Catalytic Self Cleaning Shinshu University, Japan

21. Ag ionsandbacteria Shinshu University, Japan

22. Nanotechnology ↔ Characterisation Microscopy Scanning ElectronMicroscopy (SEM) or : ESEM (Environmental) or : FEG SEM (field emission gun) very high resolution at 1 – 5 nm Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis : EDX Transmission ElectronMicroscopy (TEM) : fornanocomposites High Resolution Transmission ElectronMicroscopy (HRTEM) : crystalproperties Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) : nanolevelsurfacemodification (by plasma) of textiles Scanning TunnelingMicroscopy (STM) : forcarbon nanotubes characterisation Shinshu University, Japan

23. 2. Spectroscopy * Raman : for nanotubes * Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) : for 50 nm particles : Ag 3. X-rays * Wide Angles X-Ray diffraction  crystallinity of e.g. nanoclays * X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) or ESCA : uniformity of nanolayer 4. Particle Size Analyzer: Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) = photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) = quasielastic light scatterings (QELS)  study of nanoparticle size and size distribution, e.g. TiO2 Shinshu University, Japan

24. Functionalities - Repellency : oil, water, stain, … → self-cleaning, e.g. PAN fibre with TiO2 particles (SELF CLEAR) - Fire / flame resistance ; thermostability - Antimicrobial protection - Strength and stiffness flexibility ? - Ballistic protection : body armour, e.g. shear thickening fluids based on TiO2 - UV-protection - Radiation protection - Multi-terrain camouflage - Others : antistatic, abrasion resistance, comfort (cooling), detoxifying, dyeing, etc. Shinshu University, Japan

25. Safety andnanotechnology : Penetration of nanoparticles Skin Lungs Brain Shinshu University, Japan

26. Cyto(Toxicity) Dermale exposure : passage throughhealthy skin is nottakingplaceto a significant extent diseased skin? Respiratory exposure : Canbeproblematic, particularly at size in the range 15 – 25 nm “No nanoparticle is safe until proven otherwise” Shinshu University, Japan

27. Hazards? oxidative stress : production of superoxide radicals cell death (apoptosis) cytokine-mediated inflammation (particularly with TiO2) frustrated phagocytosis → mesothelioma multifocal granuloma formation fibrosis and carcigonesis cardiovascular impacts genotoxic effects. Shinshu University, Japan

28. Nanomaterials : benefits overweigh risks but caution / concern is needed !? Labelling is recommended Shinshu University, Japan

29. References Technological Analysis, Industrial Applications of Nanomaterials – Chances and Risks (2004), Wolfgang Luther (ed.), VDI Technologiezentrum, Düsseldorf. Cientifica Ltd (Publisher), April 2006, Nanotechnology for the Textile Market, www.cientifica.com Materials Technology, vol. 22 (2007), n° 4, p. 209-237. International Journal of Nanotechnology, vol. 4 (2007), p. 667-679. Handbook of Nanofibers and Nanotechnology in Textiles, 2nd, Taylor and Francis Publishing (2007). Nanotechnology and Textiles : Market and Applications to 2015, Nanoposts (2008), www.nanoposts.com www.empa.ch/nanosafetextiles (September 2011) Shinshu University, Japan

30. Journal “International Dyer” November 2010 Boechout, Belgium

31. Books • Nanochemistry, a Chemical Approach toNanomaterials, Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing, 2005, Cambridge, UK • NanofibresandNanotechnology in Textiles, P.J. Brown and K. Stevens (editors), Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2007, Cambridge, UK • Nanotechnology, Stefan SEPEUR, Vincent Network, Hannover, 2008 • Intelligent Textiles andClothingforBallisticand NBC Protection, Paul KIEKENS and Sundaresan JAYARAMAN, Springer, 2010 August 2014 Shinshu University, Japan

32. THANK YOU Shinshu University, Japan