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Dehnen & Binney (1998)

Dehnen & Binney (1998) . Dehnen & Binney (1998). Dehnen (1998). Hohl (1971). Hohl (1971). Ostriker & Peebles (1973). Sellwood (2005). M31 Sb or SAb + NGC 205 + M32 (+ Moon, for scale). NGC 1365 SBb or SB(s)b Arm class 12 (grand design). NGC 1300. NGC 2841 Sb SA(r)B

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Dehnen & Binney (1998)

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  1. Dehnen & Binney (1998)

  2. Dehnen & Binney (1998)

  3. Dehnen (1998)

  4. Hohl (1971)

  5. Hohl (1971)

  6. Ostriker & Peebles (1973)

  7. Sellwood (2005)

  8. M31 Sb or SAb + NGC 205 + M32 (+ Moon, for scale)

  9. NGC 1365 SBb or SB(s)b Arm class 12 (grand design)

  10. NGC 1300

  11. NGC 2841 Sb SA(r)B arm class 3 (flocculent)

  12. M100 Sbc SAB(s)bc arm class 12 (grand design)

  13. M83 Sc SAB(s)c arm class 9

  14. NGC 2997 Sc SA(s)c arm class 9

  15. M101 Scd SAB(rs)cd arm class 9

  16. M33 Scd SA(s)cd arm class 5

  17. M51 Sbc SAbc arm class 12 (grand design) NGC 5195 SB0(pec) Lupton color scheme

  18. Kennicutt (1981)

  19. M51 – near-infrared

  20. M51 radio continuum

  21. M51 model from Toomre & Toomre (1972)

  22. Toomre (1981)

  23. Toomre (1981)

  24. The Mice model from Toomre & Toomre (1972)

  25. The Antennae model from Toomre & Toomre (1972)

  26. peculiar galaxies arise from tides • structure formation by gravitational instability • mergers are common Toomre & Toomre (1972)

  27. mergers lead to starbursts • grand-design spirals are caused by encounters

  28. Holmberg (1941)

  29. Holmberg (1941)

  30. Mulder (1983)

  31. Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy with SDSS (Odenkirchen et al. 2001)

  32. Odenkirchen et al. (2003)

  33. globular clusters elliptical galaxy centers

  34. temperature energy

  35. Takahashi (1995)

  36. density Breeden, Cohn & Hut (1994)

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