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Nosocomial Infections and Infection Control

Nosocomial Infections and Infection Control. Dr. Ihsan Edan Alsaimary Department Of Microbiology College Of Medicine – University Of Basrah Iraq. Nosocomial infections (Hospital Acquired Infections). Most Common Types of Nosocomial Infections.

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Nosocomial Infections and Infection Control

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  1. Nosocomial Infections and Infection Control Dr. Ihsan Edan Alsaimary Department Of Microbiology College Of Medicine – University Of Basrah Iraq

  2. Nosocomial infections(Hospital Acquired Infections)

  3. Most Common Types of Nosocomial Infections • These are infections that develop during hospitalization and are present in patients at the time of admission. • Most Common Types of Nosocomial Infections: 1. Urinary tract infections. 2. Surgical wound infections. 3. Lower respiratory Tract infections (primarily pneumonia). 4. Bloodstream infections (septicaemia)

  4. Modes of Transmission of Infections 1. Contact: - Direct e.g., hands of hospital personnel. - Indirect e.g., using contaminated objects. 2. Contaminated vehicles used in common for patients e.g., instruments, contaminated food, water, solutions, drugs or blood products. • Airborne e.g., aerosol, droplets or dust.

  5. Modes of Transmission of Infections (Cont’d) 4. Vector borne: e.g., mosquitoes. 5. Blood borne: inoculation injury or sexual transmission e.g., HBV, HIV.

  6. Patients Most Likely to Develop Nosocomial Infections • Elderly patients. • Women in labor and delivery. • Premature infants and newborns. • Surgical and burn patients. • Diabetic and cancer patients. • Patients receiving treatment with steroids, anticancer drugs, antilymphocyte serum, and radiation.

  7. Patients Most Likely to Develop Nosocomial Infections (Cont’d) • Immunosupressed patients (I. e., patients whose immune systems are not functioning properly) • Patients who are paralyzed or are undergoing renal dialysis or catheterization; quite often, these patient’s normal defence mechanisms are not functioning properly)

  8. Major Factors Contributing to Nosocomial Infections • An ever- increasing number of drug-resistant pathogens. • Lack of awareness of routine infection control measures. • Neglect of aseptic techniques and safety precautions. • Lengthy complicated surgeries. • Overcrowding of hospitals.

  9. Major Factors Contributing to Nosocomial Infections (Cont’d) • Shortage of hospital staff. • An increased number of Immunosupressed patients. • The overuse and improper use of indwelling medical devices.

  10. Infection Control

  11. Prevention of Nosocomial Infections • Education of hospital staff in: - Hygiene in theatre, wards, kitchen…etc. - Good surgical techniques. - Frequent handwashing. • Proper sterilization and disinfection. • Special precautions and isolation of infective patients.

  12. Prevention of Nosocomial Infections (Cont’d) • Protective precautions for high risk patients, e.g., Immunosupressed. • Conservative antibiotic use. • Surveillance of infections in the hospital by infection control staff.

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