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Wavelets and Filter Banks

Wavelets and Filter Banks. 4C8 Integrated Systems Design. Recall the 1D Haar Xform. Now consider as filtering. a. b. a. b. FIR Filter H0. FIR Filter H1. Downsample by 2. Hence Analysis Filter Bank. Low Pass Filter. Only keep signal at even values of n. High Pass Filter.

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Wavelets and Filter Banks

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  1. Wavelets and Filter Banks 4C8 Integrated Systems Design

  2. Recall the 1D Haar Xform

  3. Now consider as filtering a b a b FIR Filter H0 FIR Filter H1 Downsample by 2

  4. Hence Analysis Filter Bank Low Pass Filter Only keep signal at even values of n High Pass Filter

  5. Reconstruction – Inverse Transform • To do the inverse transform to apply the stages in reverse • Upsampling • Filtering (the filters are not necessarily the same as before) Upsampling means that there are zeros at odd n when compared to their values before downsampling in the analysis stage.

  6. Upsampling What is the relationship between Z-tranforms of the signals before and after the downsampling/upsampling stages?

  7. To estimate from and (Haar Transform) for odd n for even n and are zero at odd n Not the same as y0 and y1 output from analysis stage Because they have 0’s in them!

  8. To estimate from and (Haar Transform) Because and are zero at odd n we can write a single equation for for all values of n Taking Z transforms we get where and

  9. Hence 2 band filter bank Downsample by 2 then upsample by 2 by putting 0’s inbetween Normal filter outputs

  10. The Wavelet Transform • We are not restricted to using the Haar filters • it is possible to get better compression with more elaborate filters. • Need to choose 2 low pass filters ( and ) and 2 high pass filters ( and ) • but the reconstruction filters must give exactly the same signal as the input to the analysis filter bank • this is known as perfect reconstruction

  11. Perfect Reconstruction • We want the output from the reconstruction to be the same as the input i.e. a Perfect Reconstruction Filterbank so …

  12. PR

  13. PR • H are analysis filters • G are synthesis/reconstruction filters

  14. Can now extend analysis to more stages .. A binary tree Lo Not that Hi Quite Hi Not quite so Hi Level 1 Level 4 Hi Level 3 Level 2

  15. 2D Wavelet Transform LoLo LoHi HiLo HiHi Downsample Rows Downsample Columns

  16. The Multilevel 2D Discrete Wavelet Xform Downsample Columns Downsample Rows Downsample Rows Downsample Columns

  17. 2D DWT of Lena COARSE Levels Fine Levels

  18. What does this do to a signal? • Need to work out the impulse response of each equivalent filter output • Can do this by shifting the downsample operation to the output of each stage Lo Not that Hi Quite Hi Not quite so Hi Hi Level 1 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2

  19. Multirate Theory

  20. What does this do to a signal?

  21. So now we can examine impulse responses • Process of creating y1, y01etc is the Wavelet Transform • “Wavelet” refers to the impulse response of the cascade of filters • Shape of impulse response similar at each level .. Derived from something called a “Mother wavelet” • Low pass Impulse response to level k is called the “scaling function at level k”

  22. Good wavelets for compression • There are better filters than the “haar” filters • Want PR because energy compaction stages should be reversible • Wavelet filter design is art and science • Won’t go into this at all in this course • You will just be exposed to a couple of wavelets that are used in the literature • There are very many wavelets! Only some are good for compression and others for analysis

  23. Le Gall 3,5 Tap Filter Set • Note how filter outputs (H1,G1) shifted by z, z-1 • So implement by filtering without shift but select ODD outputs • (H0,G0) select EVEN outputs A TRICKY THING!

  24. Le Gall 3,5 Tap Filter Set

  25. Le Gall Filters • Pretty good for image processing because of the smooth nature of the analysis filters and they are symmetric • But reconstruction filters not smooth .. bummer It turns out that you can swap the analysis and reconstruction filters around Known as the LeGall 5,3 wavelet or inverse LeGall wavelet

  26. Near-Balanced Wavelets (5,7) Reconstruction Filters Analysis Filters

  27. Near-Balanced Wavelets (13,19) Reconstruction Filters Analysis Filters

  28. 2D Impulse responses of the separable filters

  29. Coding with Wavelets • So we have free choice over what wavelet filters to use. • How do they compare with the DCT? • To compare we must look at which filters give the best compromise between quality and compression efficiency. • rate distortion curves. • We should use some kind of subjectively weighted quantisation. • lower Qstep for low frequency bands (higher level number) and higher Qstepfor high frequency bands.

  30. Coding with Wavelets 4 level transforms

  31. Entropies with RLC

  32. Rate-Distortion Curves Decreasing File Size Increasing Quality Improving Performance Method 1 Method 2 • compares performance of different compression methods (eg. different wavelet filters) • each curve is parametric plot of entropy v quality • we measure entropy and compression for a set of parameter values • the parameter in this case will a scaling factor of the quantisation step sizes • So for the different wavelet filters we scale the quantisation step sizes listed earlier and measure entropy and quality

  33. Rate-Distortion Curves Decreasing File Size Increasing Quality Improving Performance

  34. Wavelets for Analysis: Data Copying Degraded View Reference View

  35. Data Interpolation Direct Copy and Paste Copy and Paste of Wavelet Coefficients

  36. Wavelets for Analysis: Noise Reduction

  37. Note that true image detail is represented by Large value Coefficients So perform noise reduction by setting small coefficients to 0. What is small? Wavelet Coring Wavelets for Analysis: Noise Reduction

  38. Wavelets for Analysis: Coring

  39. Wavelet Noise Reduction

  40. Noise Reduction • Important in video for compression efficiency • Important for image quality • SONY, Philips, Snell and Wilcox, Foundry, Digital Vision all use wavelet noise reduction of some kind

  41. The price for decimation • Is aliasing • Wavelets work because of the very clever filter frequency response designs that cancel aliasing by the end of reconstruction. • BUT THE COEFFICIENTS THEMSELVES ARE ALIASED. High Pass output is aliased!

  42. Shift Variant Wavelets • This means that decimated wavelets are shift variant! • If you move the signal the DWT coefficients change! • This means that they are not so good for analysis .. And definitely not good for motion estimation • It doesn’t matter for compression

  43. A tricky example..

  44. Can get around this … • By NOT downsampling .. “Algorithme a-trous” • huge data redundancy • huge filter lengths for high levels – computation is an issue. • OR use Nick Kingsbury’s Complex Wavelets • approximate shift invariance • computationally close to normal DWT • limited redundancy

  45. Summary • Matlab has a good wavelet package .. Useful for development • Wavelets have made their way into compression • Powerful idea for analysis but shift variance and data explosion is a problem • JPEG2000, MPEG4 define methods for using DWT in compression

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