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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Matter and Atomic Structure. Section 3.1 - Objectives. What are elements?. Describe the particles within atoms and the structure of atoms. Relate the energy levels of atoms to the chemical properties of elements. Define the concept of isotope. Elements and Atoms.

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Matter and Atomic Structure

  2. Section 3.1 - Objectives What are elements? Describe the particles within atoms and the structure of atoms. Relate the energy levels of atoms to the chemical properties of elements. Define the concept of isotope.

  3. Elements and Atoms An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. All matter is made of substances called atoms. The basic building blocks of matter are atoms.

  4. An atom of Lithium Atoms Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located within the nucleus of an atom. Electrons are found in energy levels surrounding the nucleus.

  5. An atom of Lithium Protons , neutrons & mass number A tiny particle that has mass and a positive electrical charge is a proton. The nucleus of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons. The combined number of protons and neutrons is the mass number.

  6. Atomic Nuclei All atomic nuclei have a positive charge because they are made up of neutrons and protons.

  7. Energy Level An energy level represents the area in an atom where the electron is most likely to be found. Electrons tend to occupy the lowest available energy level.

  8. Chlorine’s Isotopes Isotopes Isotopes are different types of atoms of the same chemical element, each having a different number of neutrons. All elements are mixtures of isotopes.

  9. Valence electrons The chemical behavior of different elements is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost energy level (valence electrons).

  10. Chemical properties Elements with the same number of valence electrons have similar chemical properties.

  11. Radioactive Decay During radioactive decay, a nucleus can gain or lose protons and neutrons.

  12. Half-Life Half-life refers to the time it takes for approximately half of radioactive material to decay to a lighter more stable nuclei. The materials we refer to are unstable radioactive elements.

  13. 3.1 What are Elements ? Quiz (10 pts) Insert Quiz Here

  14. Section 3.2 Describe the chemical bonds that unite atoms to form compounds. Relate the nature of chemical bonds that hold compounds together to he physical structure of compounds. Distinguish among different types of mixtures and solutions. How Atoms Combine

  15. Water H2O Molecules versus Atoms Both are terms used to describe the particles that make up the universe. Atom - the smallest particle of a chemical element Molecule - a group of atoms chemically bonded together the smallest fundamental unit of a compound Nitrogen N2

  16. Common Table Salt NaCl Water H2O Most compounds have different properties from the elements of which they are composed.

  17. A combination of two or more components that retain their identity is a mixture.

  18. Granite is an example of a heterogeneous mixture.

  19. Bonds Covalent Sharing of electrons Ionic Transfer of electrons

  20. Water H2O A covalentbond is the attraction of two atoms for a shared pair of electrons that hold the atom together. When atoms in a covalent bond do not share electrons equally, they form a polarmolecule.

  21. A molecule of chlorine gas is made up of pairs of chlorine atoms in which each atom shares one of its seven electrons to form a covalent bond. Cl Cl

  22. When Na+ and Cl- combine to form NaCl, this is an example of an ionic bond.

  23. An atom that gains or loses an electron is a charged particle called an ion. An atom in which the outermost energy level is more than half full tends to form negative ions.

  24. Solutions containing a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) in water are acids. Solutions characterized by the formation of hydroxide ions (OH-) are bases.

  25. H+(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l) A base can neutralize an acid by combining with hydrogen ions of the acid to form water.

  26. 3.2 How Elements Combine Quiz (10 pts) Insert Quiz Here

  27. Section 3.3 Describe the states of matter on Earth. Explain the reason that matter exists in these states. Relate the role of thermal energy to changes of state in matter. States of Matter

  28. States of Matter Matter exists in four states in the universe.

  29. Solid Most solids have a crystalline structure Example: Table salt is a solid with a crystalline structure.

  30. Liquid Densely packed, ever-changing arrangements of atoms and molecules are liquids.

  31. Gas Atoms or molecules always occupy the whole of the space in which they are contained.

  32. NOVA Science NOW – Break: JOKE

  33. Solids melt when they absorb thermal energy and their temperatures rise. The process of changing from a liquid into a gas is called evaporation. State Changes The state change, condensation releases thermal energy.

  34. Neon Signs Plasma is extremely hot, highly ionized, electrically conducting gases Examples: Lightning The corona around the Sun is formed from plasma.

  35. 3.3 States of Matter Quiz (10 pts) Insert Quiz Here

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