Future Comforts Andrew Keogh Carrier Air Conditioning

1. Future Comforts Andrew Keogh Carrier Air Conditioning

2. Air Conditioning Energy Use • AC can account for over 1/3rd of all electricity used in a building • The UK National Grid has now become “summer peaking”. • 1,300 MW extra load on hot days, growing at 8% • Rapid growth in the use of AC is threatening our Kyoto commitments

3. Air Conditioning Energy Use

5. 90 % 300 %

6. Natural Ventilation

7. Design Constraints • Exposed building fabric • Low internal gains • Atrium / Chimney • High thermal mass • Open plan • Shallow floor plan • Sun shades or blinds • Away from city centre • Vents, wind catchers, solar chimneys

8. Design Conditions

9. Refrigerant Choice

10. T T1 T2 S System Fundamentals COP=T2/(T1-T2)

11. System Fundamentals Air cooled 6/12

12. System Fundamentals Air cooled 6/12 Water cooled 6/12

13. System Fundamentals Air cooled 6/12 Water cooled 6/12 Water cooled 16/20

14. Free Cooling

15. Free Cooling

16. Variable Speed Drives

17. The Answer Heat Pumps?