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COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES

COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES. by Michael Nwankpa mnwankpa@gmail.com nwankpam@roehampton.ac.uk. Part 1 Terrorism in Africa.

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COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES

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  1. COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES by Michael Nwankpa mnwankpa@gmail.com nwankpam@roehampton.ac.uk

  2. Part 1Terrorism in Africa COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES Terrorism (the act of using “violence or the threat of violence as a coercive strategy to cause fear and political intimidation”- Forest & Giroux, 2011:5) in Africa has a long history. - Terrorist acts are often “interwoven into broader conflict systems such as insurgencies, civil wars and other forms of political violence” (Forest & Giroux, 2011:8). - Africa as a “theatre” or platform for domestic and international terrorism.

  3. Map of Nigeria COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES

  4. B. Terrorist Groups in Africa COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES

  5. C. Boko Haram COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES Origin Causes Type Methodology

  6. D. Niger Delta (MEND) COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES - Origin - Causes - Type - Methodology

  7. Part 2: Counterterrorism Strategies in Nigeria COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES Internal (State) • Largely militaristic-force • Top-down development policies (largely in the Niger Delta) • The Niger Delta Development Board (NDDB) established in 1961 by the Niger Delta Development Act based on the recommendations of Willink’s Commission

  8. Counterterrorism Strategies in Nigeria (contd...) COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES • The Oil and Mineral Producing Area Development Commission (OMPADEC) created by Decree 23 of 1992 • The Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) set up in 2000 • The Niger Delta Regional Master Plan (27 March 2007) • Formation of the Ministry of Niger Delta (2008) • Amnesty (July, 2009)

  9. Internal (Non-state-Multinational Companies [MNCs] COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES • Bribery • Private Security • Violence • Intimidation • Bogus and selective Community Development Programmes (CDP)

  10. External COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES • Military assistance • Training of local security forces • Donation of military gadgets and other anti • AFRICOM (African Command-Stuttgart, Germany) • Foreign aids/ development assistance

  11. Impact of Counterterrorism Strategies (Issac Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion) COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES • Escalates violence and helps to fuel crises and anti-state sentiments (militarized approach) • “serve as a source of conflict and distraction, and as a vehicle of disempowerment…creating and accentuating a culture of greed and dependency” (Von Kemedi, 2003:135) (criticism of top-down development approach)

  12. Part 3: The “New” Development Approach: The Way Forward • “Soft-side” approach (Aldrich 2012)- the Triad (3 factors) • Push : “perceptions of social exclusion, real or perceived discrimination, frustrated expectations, and government repression [that] may push individuals into collective violence” (Aldrich 2012:48) • Pull: “friends, social networks, and services provided by extremist groups [that] may pull individuals into violent extremism” (ibid) • Environmental: “ungoverned spaces, border areas, and dislocation” (ibid)

  13. Conclusions COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICA: A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO BOKO HARAM AND NIGER DELTA INSURGENCIES development presents a short, medium and long-term benefits as a counterterrorist measure It is not only a viable CT means, but also an END that will check the upsurge of any new conflict To avoid the unintended consequences of development strategies, development should be “bottom-up” and treated as Rights, and A human rights approach must be taken in the crafting and implementation of development policies, and this should begin with a stronger statement in the Constitution.

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