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The Relational Model

The Relational Model. Codd (1970): based on set theory Relational model: represents the database as a collection of relations (a table of values --> file) Domains Tuples Attributes Relations Relational model constraints…. 4 Relational Model Constraints. Domain:

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The Relational Model

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  1. The Relational Model • Codd (1970): based on set theory • Relational model: represents the database as a collection of relations (a table of values --> file) • Domains • Tuples • Attributes • Relations • Relational model constraints…

  2. 4 Relational Model Constraints • Domain: • a range of values an attribute can take on • Key: • a relation must have a primary key • unique & time-invariant • primary key --> name underlined in the relation schema • Entity Integrity • no primary key value can be null • Referential Integrity • to maintain consistency among the tuples of two relations…

  3. Referential Integrity - 1 • Foreign Key: • a set of attributes FK in relation schema R1 is a foreign key of R1 if it satisfies the following two rules: • the attributes in FK have the same domain as the primary key attributes PK of another relation schema R2; the attributes FK are said to reference or refer to the relation R2. • a value of FK in a tuple t1 of R1 either occurs as a value of PK for some tuple t2 in R2 or is null. • foreign key can refer to its own relation

  4. Referential Integrity - 2 • Referential integrity rule: • If R2 includes a foreign key matching the primary key PK of R1, then every value of FK in R2 must either be equal to the value of PK in some tuple of R1 or be wholly null. R1 and R2 are not necessarily distinct.

  5. Relational Data Retrieval • Results of operations: a new relation • SELECT: show tuples (rows) • PROJECT: show attributes (columns) • JOIN: get data from more than one table • Set: UNION, INTERSECTION, DIFFERENCE, CARTSIAN PRODUCT

  6. Relational DB Languages • Standards: SQL1 (1986) ,SQL2 (1992), SQL3 (1999) • QBE (Query by Example): vary by implementations • ACCESS has both QBE and SQL • Variations: - Oracle: SQL*,PL/SQL - Sybase: ISQL, T-SQL

  7. A Caution About Basics • Note that the database you are creating in the Lab sessions has been designedfor you. • This is not a trivial job; it requires an understanding of database principles and theories • You will learn simple QBE. • Basic SQL is easy; but SQL can be a powerful programming tool which takes time to learn. • Everyone can use Access but not everyone can use it correctly.

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