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Chapter 22

Chapter 22. Organic Chemistry. Common Alkanes. Carbons are “puckered”. Isomers. Same molecular formula but different structural formula. Beginning with butane (C 4 H 10 ), and becoming more numerous with larger alkanes, we note the existence of alkane isomers.

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Chapter 22

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  1. Chapter 22 Organic Chemistry

  2. Common Alkanes

  3. Carbons are “puckered”

  4. Isomers • Same molecular formula but different structural formula. • Beginning with butane (C4H10), and becoming more numerous with larger alkanes, we note the existence of alkane isomers. • For example, there are five C6H14 isomers:

  5. Isomers of C5H12 • Pentane has 3 isomers. • Draw them!

  6. IUPAC Rules for Alkane Nomenclature • Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain.   • Identify and name groups attached to this chain. • Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest a substituent group. • Designate the location of each substituent group by an appropriate number and name. • Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order. The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing.

  7. Common Substituent Groups Note that carbon-hydrogen chains are named from the alkane except with an –yl suffix

  8. Naming Alkanes

  9. Cycloalkanes

  10. Cyclohexane Structures

  11. IUPAC Rules for Alkene Nomenclature 1. The ene suffix (ending) indicates an alkene or cycloalkene. 2. The longest chain chosen for the root name must include both carbon atoms of the double bond. 3. The root chain must be numbered from the end nearest a double bond carbon atom using the smallest number as the double bond locator. 3. If more than one double bond is present the compound is named as a diene, triene or equivalent prefix indicating the number of double bonds, and each double bond is assigned a locator number.

  12. Alkenes

  13. Cis and Trans Isomers The pi bond does not allow for rotation around the double bond.

  14. Naming Cis and Trans Isomers

  15. Aromatic = Benzene

  16. Common Aromatic Compounds

  17. Complex Aromatic Compounds

  18. Alkynes

  19. Common Functional Groups

  20. Common Alcohols

  21. 1’, 2”, 3’” Alcohols

  22. Carboxylic Acids

  23. Esters

  24. Aldehydes and Ketones

  25. Amines

  26. Reactions: Alkanes • Substitution and Dehydrogenation

  27. Reactions: Alkenes • Hydrogenation and Halogenation

  28. Reactions: Forming Alcohols • Hydration Reaction

  29. Reactions: Formation of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids • Oxidation Reaction

  30. Reactions: Formation of Esters • Dehydration Reactions

  31. Reactions Summary • Most reactions are either: • Addition reactions: add H2O, H2, Cl2 or even HCl where a double/triple bond is broken • Removal of: H2, H2O or even HCl to make a double or triple bond or to join 2 molecules together • Substitution reactions: H replaced by another substituent group • Don’t forget about combustion reactions!

  32. Polymers

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