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Maria Esther Palacios 1,3 , Konrad Dabrowski, 1 and C.C. Kohler 2

Growth and Diet Utilization in Pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus Using Soybean Replacement of Casein-Gelatin as Protein Source. Maria Esther Palacios 1,3 , Konrad Dabrowski, 1 and C.C. Kohler 2 1 The Ohio State University, School of Natural Resources, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Maria Esther Palacios 1,3 , Konrad Dabrowski, 1 and C.C. Kohler 2

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  1. Growth and Diet Utilization in Pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus Using Soybean Replacement of Casein-Gelatin as Protein Source Maria Esther Palacios1,3, Konrad Dabrowski,1 and C.C. Kohler 2 1 The Ohio State University, School of Natural Resources, Columbus, Ohio, USA 2Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA 3Universidad Nacional de San Marcos, Lima, Peru

  2. Fish is an Important Protein Source in the Peruvian Amazon Fish market in Iquitos, Peru

  3. Utilization of Plant Proteins by Pacu Maca (Lepidium meyenii) Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) Aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa)

  4. Growth Rate of Juvenile Pacu Fed Experimental Diets Supplemented (15%) With Different Plant Protein Sources Maca 20 Control Aguaje 15 Mean body weight (g) 10 Camu-camu 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 Weeks Control semipurified diet = Casein (40%), gelatin (8%), wheat meal 15%-based

  5. 0.8 0.8 Rainbow trout 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 Initial weight Mean weight Mean weight (fish, g) 0.0 Feed conversion (feed/gain) 0.0 Feed conversion 1.6 Pacu 1.6 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.4 Initial weight 0.4 0.0 0.0 Control SBM SPC Dietary treatment Body Weights and Food Conversion in Rainbow Trout and Pacu Juveniles After 4 Weeks of Feeding Histological Examination of digestive tract (intestine, liver, pancreas) (Ostaszewska et al. 2003)

  6. Objectives • To develop a semipurified, casein-gelatin based diet that can be used in nutrient requirement study with Amazonian fish. • To examine the effects of practical diets containing soybean meal (SBM) and soy protein concentrate (SPC) on growth and feed utilization in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus.

  7. Major Ingredients ControlSPC(50 %SBM (50 %protein replaced)protein replaced) Casein 40 20 20 Gelatin 8 4 4 SPC - 32 - SBM - - 44 Dextrin 21.25 13.05 1.05 CPSP* 5 5 5 * Soluble fish protein concentrate (Suprapeche, France) Composition of Experimental Diets Cod liver oil 11%; lecithin 3%;vitamin mix 4%; mineral mix 3%;CMC 0.5%

  8. Experimental Conditions • Fish : juvenile pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus • Weight : 0.34 g ± 0.02 (35 fish/tank) • Design : 3 dietary treatments (3 rep.) • Feeding : 4 – 8 % BW/day (3 times/day) • Water temp.: 26 ± 0.27oC • Period : 8 weeks

  9. Parameters Examined • Growth rate (every 2 weeks) • Feed utilization • Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) FCR = food consumption (g) / body weight gain (g) • Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) PER= Weight gain (g) / protein intake (g) • Net Protein Utilization (NPU) NPU(%)=Protein gain (g) / protein intake (g) x 100 • Diet and whole body composition

  10. Pictures of Facility, Fish, and Analysis of Fish Samples

  11. Results

  12. Proximate Composition of Experimental Diets (% Dry Matter) Protein Lipid Ash Control 63.39 11.2 4.69 SPC (50%CP) 55.52 13.9 6.78 SBM (50%CP)57.48 16.6 7.61 Diets

  13. Growth Performance of Pacu After 8 Weeks of Feeding 5 4 Initial weight Final weight 3 Mean weight (g) 2 1 Initial weight 0 Control SPC SBM Experimental diets

  14. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) for Pacu in the Course of the Study 1.6 1.4 Control SPC 1.2 SBM 1.0 0.8 FCR 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2 4 6 8 Time (week)

  15. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of Juvenile Pacu and Rainbow Trout Fed Four Experimental Diets for 8 Weeks Rainbow troutPacu FCR FCR Casein- gelatin (Control) 0.87 ± 0.02b 0.76 ± 0.01a SPC (50%CP) 1.07 ± 0.04a 0.73 ± 0.01a SBM (50%CP) 1.04 ± 0.01a 0.61 ± 0.03b Dietary treatments • FCR: food consumption (g) / body weight gain (g) • Means annotated with the same letter are not significantly different (P > 0.05)

  16. Whole Body Proximate Composition (%Dry Matter) of Juvenile Pacu Fed Three Experimental Diets for 8 Weeks Protein Lipid Ash Control 67.28 19.3 14.27 SPC (50%CP) 69.04 15.3 15.53 SBM (50%CP) 66.34 15.0 15.97 Diets

  17. Utilization of a Semipurified, Casein-gelatin Based Diet and Diets With 50% Protein Replaced by Soybean Meal (SBM) or Soy Protein Concentrate (SPC). Eight Week Feeding Experiments at 14- 18C (Rainbow trout) or 26 C (Pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus) Rainbow trout Pacu PER NPU PER NPU Casein- gelatin1.95 ± 0.05a 26.9± 1.5a 2.23 ± 0.03b 27.7 ± 0.5c (Control) SPC (50%CP)1.77 ± 0.07b 22.7 ± 1.1b 2.59 ± 0.04b 32.2 ± 0.6b SBM (50%CP)1.76 ± 0.02b 24.5 ± 0.5b 3.07 ± 0.27a41.8 ± 3.5a Diets PER = Weight gain / protein intake NPU (%) = Protein gain / protein intake

  18. Protein Efficiency Ratios in Cultured Fishes A comparison of protein efficiency ratios in young fish when fed semipurified diets (C: casein, G: gelatin, WG: wheat gluten, % of diet) in five studies on different species. Rainbow trout (Lee et al., 2004, our laboratories), coho salmon (Luzzana et al., 1997), channel catfish (Buentello and Gatlin 2000), pacu 0.3 g initial weight (Palacios et al., 2004, diet contained also 10% casein hydrolysate), and pacu 4.3 g initial weight (Tesser et al., 2004). The highest PER values in a particular study are shown.

  19. Conclusions • Soybean meal protein replacement in casein gelatin based diets has significant positive effect on growth of pacu. • Pacu better utilize high protein diets containing plant protein sources compared to other species, such as salmonids and channel catfish.

  20. Funding for this research was provided by theAquaculture Collaborative Research Support Program The Aquaculture CRSP is funded in part by United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Grant No. LAG-G-00-96-90015-00 and by participating institutions.

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