Biblical Hebrew Lesson 5

1. Biblical Hebrew Lesson 5 The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum א Textbook: Cook & Holmstedt’sBiblical Hebrew: A Student Grammar (2009) Found here online: http://individual.utoronto.ca/holmstedt/Textbook.html

2. Review חֲזָרָה The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum

3. חזרה • Last week’s lesson covered a lot of information regarding both nouns (in Hebrew, שְׁמוֹת עֶצֶם) and verbs (that is, פְּעָלִים). • With nouns, we learned that they can be either masculine or feminine. Gender normally follows the natural gender of the noun. For example, a boy is masculine and a girl is feminine. • But there is also grammatical gender for all other nouns. For example, the Hebrew word for “table” (שֻׁלְחָן) is masculine, while the Hebrew word for “door” (דֶּ֫לֶת) is feminine. Grammatical gender cannot be justified by logic. It just has to be learned. • There is nothing in Hebrew that corresponds to neuter, for which we use “it” in English. Literally everything is assigned a gender! The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum

4. חזרה • Continuing with nouns, we learned that there are normal patterns for the endings. Most masculine nouns take an -imsuffix to form the plural. Thus, we have מְלָכִים that comes from מֶ֫לֶךְ and כְּלָבִים from כֶּ֫לֶב. • Most feminine nouns are marked with either heh (ה) or tav (ת) and take an -otsuffix to form the plural. Thus, we have מְלָכוֹת from מַלְכָּה and כְּלָבוֹת from כַּלְבָּה. • You should expect changes in the vowel patterns as we go from singular to plural. I can provide a list of regular changes (taken from Seow’sA Grammar for Biblical Hebrew §III.2) should you request one. • Almost all body parts are assigned the feminine gender. They are generally unmarked in the singular (they have no heh or tav to mark them as feminine). Their plural is often with the dual ending (ַיִם). The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum

5. חזרה • With regard to the Hebrew verb, we learned the singular forms. Every verb form is marked for gender in Hebrew. We have to be able to identify a form’s person (first, second or third), number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine or feminine). • First person is the speaker (in English, either “I” or “we”). Second person is the hearer (always translated as “you” in English). Third person is the object of the speech, the one being spoken of (that is, “he,” “she,” “it” or “they”). • “I,” “you,” “he,” “she” and “it” are singular. “We,” “you” and “they” are plural. Notice the ambiguity in the English “you.” In Hebrew, this ambiguity is resolved. There are forms for masculine and feminine singular, as well as masculine and feminine plural. The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum

6. חזרה • In the previous lesson, we learned only the singular forms. Lesson 4 exercise 3 asked you to conjugate five verbs. Here are the answers: The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum

7. Duality שְׁנִיּוּת The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum

8. שניות • In the previous lesson we discussed the Hebrew noun and how it exhibits number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine or feminine) in its form. • In this lesson we must add to the options for “number.” There are some words in Hebrew that take a dual ending rather than a plural one. Dual simply means that there are “two.” We use it for things that naturally comes in pairs. • The dual ending is -áyim instead of the plural -im or -ot. • The dual is very common in body parts: • יָד > יָדַ֫יִם עַיִן > עֵינַ֫יִם רֶגֶל > רַגְלַ֫יִם כָּנָף >כְּנָפַ֫יִם • hands eyes legs wings • When learning vocab, you should learn the pl./du. along with the sing. The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum

9. Qal Perfect – Plural זְמַן עָבָר בְּבִנְיָן קַל – רַבִּים The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum

10. זמן עבר בבנין קל – רבים • So far we have learned the following forms in the qal system: • To these singular forms, we now need to add the plural forms to complete the qal paradigm. The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum

11. זמן עבר בבנין קל – רבים The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum

12. זמן עבר בבנין קל – רבים The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum

13. Goals of Lesson 5 מַטְּרוֹת הַשִּׁעוּר הַחֲמִישִׁי The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum

14. מטרות השעור החמישי • The fifth lesson’s goals are basically as follows: • Noun concepts:In addition to singular and plural, Hebrew has a dual form.This form is created by adding -áyim instead of -im or -ot. • Verb concepts:The plural forms of the binyanqal.Notice the endings for אַתֶּם and אַתֶּן, which pull the stress to the end.Look for vowel changes in the structure of the verb. The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum

15. Biblical Hebrew Lesson 5 The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum א Textbook: Cook & Holmstedt’sBiblical Hebrew: A Student Grammar (2009) Found here online: http://individual.utoronto.ca/holmstedt/Textbook.html