Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 Global Stratification

2. Chapter Outline • Stratification Systems • Theories of Global Stratification •  Global Diversity

3. Social Stratification • Uneven distribution of privileges, material rewards, opportunities, power, prestige, and influence among individuals and groups. • Social inequality exists in all societies. • The inequality may come about because of wealth, prestige or power.

4. Stratification Systems • Stratification can come about in two ways: • Ascribed • Based on gender, age, family name, or skin color. • This will produce the caste and estate systems of stratification. • Achieved • Based on individual, direct efforts. • This is known as the class system.

5. The Caste System • People are born into and spend their entire lives within a caste. • Caste members are restricted in their choice of occupation and degree of social participation. • Social status is determined by the caste of one's birth.

6. The Hindu Caste System Four varnas, corresponding to a body part of the mythical Purusa: • Purusa’s mouth issued forth priests: Brahmans • His arms gave rise to warriors: Kshatriyas • His thighs produced artisans and merchants: Vaishyas • His feet brought forth menial laborers: Shudras • Below the Sudras were the untouchables, or Panchamas who performed the most menial tasks.

7. The Estate System • A closed system of stratification. • A person’s social position is defined by law. • Membership is determined primarily by inheritance. • An estate is a segment of a society that has legally established rights and duties.

8. Question • The citizens of poorer nations are more likely to be lazy when compared to the citizens of richer nations. • Strongly agree • Agree somewhat • Unsure • Disagree somewhat • Strongly disagree

9. Estate System of Medieval Europe Three major estates in Europe: • The nobility • The clergy • The peasants

10. The Class System • Some form of class system is present in all industrial societies. • Mobility is greater in a class system than in either a caste or an estate system. • Mobility is the result of higher-level jobs to anyone with the education and experience required.

11. Question • The type of stratification system with the most social mobility is a(n): • caste system. • estate system. • class system. • nobility system.

12. Answer: C • The type of stratification system with the most social mobility is a class system.

13. Modernization Theory • Assumes economic differences among countries are due to technological and cultural differences. • Developed countries help less developed countries: • Provide fertilizers, irrigation methods and insect control to increase food supplies. • May also help control their population.

14. Dependency Theory • Economic positions of rich and poor nations cannot be understood in isolation. • Developing countries would develop more quickly if they reduced their dependence on the developed countries. • The prosperity of more developed countries came about because other countries became poor.

15. Global Diversity • World population, 6.477 billion in 2005, has more than doubled since 1960 and is projected to increase to 9.3 billion by 2050. • The world’s richest countries, 20% of the global population, account for 86% of private consumption; the poorest 20% account for 1.3%. • A child born in an industrialized country will add more to consumption and pollution over his or her lifetime than 30 to 50 children born in developing countries.

16. World Health Trends • The average life expectancy for a newborn more than doubled, from 30 years in 1900 to 67 years in 2005. • China has moved from conditions at the turn of the century, when scarcely 60% of newborns reached their 5th birthday, to the present, when more than 60% will reach their 70th birthday. • In Japan, where life expectancy is nearly 80 years, a newborn has only a 4 in 1,000 chance of dying before its 1st birthday and less than a 1 in 1,000 risk of dying by age 40.

17. World Health Trends • More than 300 million people live in 24 countries where life expectancy is less than 50 years. • In these countries, 1 of 10 newborns die by age 1, and 3 million a year do not survive for one week. • In some African villages, deaths among infants and young children occur 10 times more frequently than deaths among the aged. • Currently, 80% of the world’s population does not have access to any health care.

18. Health of Infants and Children in Developing Countries • Death among children is overwhelmingly a problem of the developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. • Those countries account for 98% of the world’s deaths among children younger than 5. • UNICEF estimates that 95% of these deaths are preventable.

19. HIV / Aids • Some 4.9 million people worldwide were newly infected with HIV during 2004, bringing the total number of people living with HIV or AIDS to 40 million, up from 34.3 million in 1999. • Since the epidemic was identified, about 30 million people have died from AIDS. • The United Nations estimates that without substantially expanded prevention and treatment programs, approximately 68 million people will die of AIDS in the 45 most affected countries between 2000 and 2020.

20. HIV/AIDS: Worldwide Facts

21. Population Trends • Every minute, 249 babies are born in the world, about 358,988 new human beings a day. • The 6 billionth person arrived in the year 2000. • Another billion people will be added every 11 to 13 years until the middle of the 21st century.

22. Population Growth • In A.D. 1650, there were an estimated 510 million people in the entire world. • 100 years later, there were 710 million, an increase of 39%. • By 1900, there were 1.6 billion. • By the year 2025, the global population will be greater than 8 billion. • The world population is doubling about every 51 years.

23. Global Aging • In most countries, the elderly population is growing faster than the population as a whole. • Almost half of the world’s elderly live in China, India, the United States, and the former Soviet Union. • The oldest old (85 plus) are the fastest-growing segment of the population in many countries.

24. People Infected with HIV in Various World Regions (in Millions)

25. Population Trends • Every minute, 249 babies are born in the world. • This is about 358,988 new human beings a day (131.4 million a year) who need to be fed, clothed, sheltered, educated, and employed. • The 6 billionth person arrived in 2000. • Another billion people will be added every 11 to 13 years until the middle of the 21st century.

26. Population Trends • In AD 1650, 510 million people lived in the entire world. • 100 years later, there were 710 million, an increase of 39%. • By 1900, there were 1.6 billion. • 100 years later the population had grown to 6.08 billion, with 131.4 million people added each year.

27. Factors in Global Fertility • Number of Children • Women’s average age at first marriage • Breast-feeding • Infant mortality

28. Factors in Global Fertility • Demand for Children • Gender preferences • Value of children • Children as insurance against divorce • Children as securers of women’s position in family • Children’s value for economic gain • Children’s value for old-age support. • Cost of children.

29. Factors in Global Fertility • Fertility Control • Use of contraception • Factors influencing fertility decisions • Income level • Education of women • Urban or rural residence

30. Countries with the Highest and Lowest Fertility Lifetime Births per Woman

31. Teenage Marriages

32. Teenage Marriages

33. Teenage Marriages

34. Teenage Marriages

35. Gender Preferences • Three sets of factors influence the desire for male children: • Economic factors - contribution to family income • Social factors- marriage patterns, and religion • Psychological factors - influences on parent’s decisions about size and composition of the family.

36. Countries with Fewer Women Than Expected

37. Question • Women do most of the day- to-day work in developing countries. • Strongly agree • Agree somewhat • Unsure • Disagree somewhat • Strongly disagree

38. Benefits and Costs of Children • The first child is important to bring the spouses closer together and have someone to carry on the family name. • In considering a second child, parents emphasize desire for a companion for the first child and a desire to have a child of the opposite sex from the first. • Similar values are prominent in relation to third, fourth, and fifth children.

39. Benefits and Costs of Children • Beyond the fifth child, economic considerations predominate. • Parents speak of the sixth or later children in terms of their helping around the house, contributing to the support of the household, and providing security during old age.

40. Contraception • People have regulated family size for centuries through abortion, abstinence, and infanticide. • In many countries, the costs of preventing a birth, whether economic, social, or psychological, may be greater than the risk of having another child. • Use of contraception varies widely: 18% or fewer for married women in almost all of sub-Saharan Africa, but between 70% and 80% for women in Europe, Asia, and the United States

41. Abortion • Worldwide, abortion is the most widely used form of birth control, and is common even when illegal. • Abortion is legal in the world’s three most populous countries (China, India, and the United States) as well as in Japan and all of Europe except Belgium and Ireland. • In Russia, where contraceptives are hard to find, more than half of all pregnancies end in abortion.

42. Education of Women • The amount of education a woman receives affects the number of children she has. • Fertility levels are usually the lowest among the most highly educated women within a country. • Example: • In Guatemala, women with no schooling have an average of 6.9 children, those with a secondary or higher education have 2.7 children on average.

43. Education of Women • Two-thirds of the world’s 876 million illiterate people are women. • Educated women are more likely to know about and adopt birth control methods. • In Mexico, 72% of women with 9 or more years of education are likely to use contraception, whereas only 31% of those with 5 or fewer years of education are likely to do so.

44. Children of Primary School Age Who Are Not in School

45. Global Aging • Worldwide, the number of persons aged 60 years or over will increase from 672 million in 2005 to nearly 1.9 billion by 2050. • Today 60% of the elderly live in developing countries. • By 2050, the number will rise to 80%. • The number of people over 80 will increase from 86 million in 2005 to 394 million in 2050. • By 2050, the number of people over 65 in the world will exceed the number of young for the first time in the history of humankind.

46. World Population 65 and Older, 2000 and 2025

47. Quick Quiz

48. 1. A form of stratification that people are born into and spend their entire lives in is known as: • an estate system. • a caste system. • apartheid. • a class system.

49. Answer: B • A form of stratification that people are born into and spend their entire lives in is known as a caste system.

50. 2. Which of the following Hindu castes is the highest in their stratification system? • Vaishyasr • Sundras • Panchamas • Brahmans