Weldon J. Wilson Department of Engineering and Physics University of Central Oklahoma

1. Unsolved Mysteries (of Physics) The Speakable and the Unspeakable Weldon J. Wilson Department of Engineering and Physics University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, OK 73034-5209 cyberphysics.com/wwilson wwilson@uco.edu

2. The Speakable 96% of matter/energy is a mystery. It has never been observed even in our best laboratories or observatories!

3. Dark Energy Should slow down Speeding Up !!!

4. The Speakable Dark energy appears to be the dominant component of the physical Universe, yet there is no persuasive theoretical explanation. The acceleration of the Universe is, along with dark matter, the observed phenomenon which most directly demonstrates that our fundamental theories of particles and gravity are either incorrect or incomplete. Most experts believe that nothing short of a revolution in our understanding of fundamental physicswill be required to achieve a full understanding of the cosmic acceleration. For these reasons, the nature of dark energy ranks among the very most compelling of all outstanding problems in physical science. Dark Energy Task Force (DETF) astro-ph/0609591 “Right now, not only for cosmology but for elementary particle theory, this is the bone in our throat.” - Steven Weinberg “Basically, people don’t have a clue as to how to solve this problem.” - Jeff Harvey ‘This is the biggest embarrassment in theoretical physics”- Michael Turner “… would be No. 1 on my list of things to figure out.” - Edward Witten “… Maybe the most fundamentally mysterious thing in basic science.” - Frank Wilczek

5. All the Current Theories of Dark Energy There are none!

6. The Speakable 80% of all matter is a mystery. It’s effect is seen only in gravitation.

7. Fritz Zwicky Caltech Professor of Astrophysics(1927-1968) Tech Director Aerojet Engineering (1941-1961) – "father“ of modern jet engine • 1929 – Introduced “tired light” hypothesis to explain Hubble Red Shift • 1931 – Introduced idea of exploding star origin of cosmic rays – supernova/neutron star • 1933 – Introduced idea of Dark Matter • 1937 – Gravitational Lens

8. Zwicky von Kármán 1936 – Founded (along with Theodore von Kármán, Frank Malina, Jack Parsons) the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT) that in 1943 became the Jet Propulsion Laboratories (JPL) 1943– Founded (along with Theodore von Kármán, Frank Malina, Jack Parsons) the Aerojet Corporation 19612-1968 – Published a comprehensive six volume Catalogue of galaxies and of clusters of galaxies. Malina Parsons

9. Basic Idea From this, you can calculate the orbital speed, if you know the mass of the galaxy (Specifically the mass inside the orbit) gravity

11. NGC 3198 Zwicky proposes Dark Matter to explain this discrepancy of theory with observations. But what is it?

12. MACHO ??? MAssiveCompact Halo Objects

13. Massive Compact HAloObjects • Idea: • Compact and dark objects pervade the galactic halo. • Look at distant stars (Large Magellanic Cloud). • Try to find when one spontaneously brightens. “Gravitational Lensing” Far Object You Intervening Object

14. Goldwater Manilow White Bonds Baryonic Matter Summary: The amount of dark baryonic matter can only account for about 20% of the dark matter in the Milky Way region. And then only with substantial modification of galaxy formation dynamics.

15. Non Baryonic Dark Matter Candidates • Cold Dark Matter • Cold means low momentum and typically heavy • Candidates • New variant of neutrino • New kind of particle (supersymmetricneutralino) • WIMPS (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) • Hot Dark Matter • Hot means high momentum and typically light • Candidates • Neutrinos (n) • Discovered in 1998 to have mass • Recent studies show they can only have 0.3% of needed Dark Matter. • Exotica • Etc.

16. Cold Dark Matter: Direct Searches WIMPS • Very hard to do • Approximately 1,000,000 pass through you every second. • If they exist at all. • The reason they are “Dark” is theydon’t interact much with ordinary matter. • They will shake atoms when they (rarely) hit one. • Atoms are always shaking due to heat. • Your detector must be (nearly) infinitely cold.

18. MordehaiMilgrom1983 

19. MOND Suppose Newton was right for large accelerations, but for small accelerations, his formula breaks down? Modified Newtonian DynamicsMOND What if Newton was wrong? Newton said that Force was proportional to Acceleration • Proposed by Milgrom- 1983 • Heavily criticized thereafter

20. Comments and Thoughts: How does MOND go from one behavior to the other? • Why hasntanyone else seen this modification of Newton’s laws? Newton’s Law MOND • No Idea…. • We’re talking very small accelerations here… • 1/100,000,000,000 × Earth’s gravity….. MOND Modification

21. MOND: Modification of Newtonian Dynamics What if Newton was wrong? MOND

22. MOND: Basic Idea = centrifugal gravity centrifugal = gravity = But does it work?

23. Fits to v(r) for both LSB & HSB Galaxies

25. Tully-FisherRelation

26. Explanations • Unseen (and unobserved) exotic matter • WIMPs • Currently massive searches underway • MOND • Needs better theoretical motivation

27. Cat Fight

28. What is the prevailing wisdom? • No honest physicist will tell you that they know. • Dark matter is popular because particle physicists are looking for a similar particle (for different reasons) • MOND needs work. But there is no disputing that it describes galactic rotation curves (and other stuff)

29. Summary/Speculation • MOND has amazing ability to model data taken after it was invented • Excellent fits to galaxy rotation curves require M/L(colour) as from SS theory • Compelling evidence that negligible DM interior to Sun • Now limiting form of Lorentz covariant theory • MOND really might be the next great step in physics

30. The Unspeakable The unspeakable refers to a “hidden evil whose depth and deceit goes beyond the capacity of words to describe.” - Thomas Merton

31. Telstar (1962) Awarded Noble Prize in 1978 • First Private Financed Satellite, (AT&T) • Transponder to relay One TV channel or 12 multiplexed telephone signals • Frequency - 4 GHz • Solar Powered – 14 Watts!

32. Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson Discover Big Bang 1962 (2.73 K Blackbody Radiation) Awarded Noble Prize in 1978 Arno Penzias doing real experimental work

33. Telstar, 1962 COBE, 1989 WMAP, 2001

34. Absolute Motion Relative to the Local Absolute Rest Frame

35. Absolute Motion (relative to background radiation)???? Local Absolute Rest Frame Moving toward Leo at ~375 km/s (0.12% c)

36. All the Current Scientific Discussions and Papers on the CBR Dipole Anisotropy There are none!

37. Extra Credit • Propose a model that explains Dark Energy (Any model will do – reasonable or not) • Discover what Dark Matter consists of and/or place MOND on good theoretical basis • Explain CBR Dipole Anisotropy within the current Paradigm (Any discussion will do – reasonable or not) Deadline: None.

39. References • Bekenstein J., Milgrom M. ApJ, 286, 7 (1984). • Milgrom M., ApJ, 270, 365 (1983). • Milgrom M., ApJ, 270, 371 (1983). • Nicolson , Iain , Dark Side of the Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Cosmos, ISBN: 0801885922 , (2007). • Pendle, George, Strange Angel: The Otherworldly Life of Rocket Scientist John Whiteside Parsons.ISBN: 015100997X (2005). • Shaw, Mark, Beneath The Mask of Holiness –Thomas Merton and the Forbidden Love Affair that Set Him Free. ISBN: 0230616534 (2009).