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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. Image Critique نقد صورة الاشعّه. Lecture No.2 . X-ray Film. 1. Film Construction: X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are: Base. Adhesive layer. Emulsion. Overcoat (protective) layer. X-ray Film. 1. Film Construction:

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

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  1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Image Critique نقد صورة الاشعّه Lecture No.2

  2. X-ray Film 1. Film Construction: • X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are: • Base. • Adhesive layer. • Emulsion. • Overcoat (protective) layer. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  3. X-ray Film 1. Film Construction: • X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  4. X-ray Film 1. Film Construction: • X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are: • Base: • 150 to 300 m thick. • Semi-rigid. • Lucent. • Made of polyester. • Blue in color result in less eye strain and fatigue. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  5. X-ray Film 1. Film Construction: • X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are: • Emulsion: • This is the active layer. • Homogeneous mixture of gelatin and silver halide crystals. • The gelatin acts as a suspension agent and prevents the crystals from adhering to one another. • Two emulsion layers on each side of the film base (1/2000 in thickness). Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  6. X-ray Film 1. Film Construction: • X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are: • Adhesive layer: • Very thin layer of solution of cellulose ester and gelatin in water and acetone, put on the base. • Function of adhesive (substratum) layer to adhere the layers of emulsion to the base. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  7. X-ray Film 1. Film Construction: • X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are: • Overcoat (protective) layer: • The purpose of the overcoat of an x-ray film is to protect the emulsion layer. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  8. X-ray Film 2. Film Types (Clinical Usage): A. Direct Exposure Film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  9. X-ray Film 2. Film Types (Clinical Usage): A. Direct Exposure Film: • Used without intensifying screens. • Used mainly for extremities, previously for mammography. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  10. X-ray Film 2. Film Types (Clinical Usage): A. Direct Exposure Film: • Requires 10 – 100 times more the exposure dose. • The emulsion is thicker than screen film. • Renders excellent detail. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  11. X-ray Film 2. Film Types (Clinical Usage): B. Mammographic Film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  12. X-ray Film 2. Film Types (Clinical Usage): B. Mammographic Film: • Single emulsion. • Fine grain (crystal shape). Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  13. X-ray Film 2. Film Types (Clinical Usage): C. Video Film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  14. X-ray Film 2. Film Types (Clinical Usage): C. Video Film: • Exposes images displayed on a video monitor. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  15. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): D. Laser Film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  16. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): D. Laser Film: • Uses a laser printer. • Provides excellent image quality. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  17. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): D. Laser Film: • Sensitive to red light. • Must be processed in complete darkness. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  18. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): E. Duplication film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  19. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): E. Duplication film: • Single emulsion film. • Used for producing copies of radiographs. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  20. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): F. Subtraction Film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  21. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): F. Subtraction Film: • A type of single emulsion film used with angiography. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  22. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): F. Subtraction Film: • One type prepares a positive copy of the image. • The other type enhances subject contrast and detail. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  23. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): G. Cine Film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  24. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): G. Cine Film: • Used with cardiac catheterization. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  25. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): G. Cine Film: • Produced in 16 and 35mm sizes. • Also used for radiography of the esophagus. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  26. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): H. Spot Film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  27. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): H. Spot Film • Produced in 70 and 105mm sizes. • Used in fluoroscopy with a spot film camera. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  28. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): I. Dental Film Periapical Dental Film Bite-wing Dental Film Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  29. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): I. Dental Film Occlusal Dental Film Orthopantomographic (OPG) Dental Film Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  30. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): I. Dental Film • Exposed either intraorally or extraorally. • Intraoral films are small, double-emulsion films. • Extraoral films are large, single-emulsion films. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  31. X-ray Film 3. Film Type (Exposure): A. Screen Film: • Films exposed to combination of X-ray and light (screen film). Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  32. X-ray Film 3. Film Type (Exposure): B. Non Screen Film: • Films exposed to x-ray only (non screen film). Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  33. X-ray Film 3. Film Type (Exposure): C. Fluoroscopy and Copying Films: • These Films are exposed to light only. • Coated by the emulsion in one side and called single sided films. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  34. To be continued ..

  35. X-ray Film 4. Film Type (Spectral Sensitivity): • Spectral sensitivity is the response of a photographic emulsion in the film to various colours of the light spectrum. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  36. X-ray Film 4. Film Type (Spectral Sensitivity): • According to the response of a photographic emulsion in the film to various colours of the light spectrum, films can be divided to: • Blue sensitive film (non colour sensitive). • Orthochromatic film (sensitive to yellow colour). Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  37. X-ray Film 4. Film Type (Spectral Sensitivity): • According to the response of a photographic emulsion in the film to various colours of the light spectrum, films can be divided to: • Panchromatic film (sensitive to visible light). • Infrared film (sensitive up to infrared). Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  38. X-ray Film 5. Film Handling and Storage: • Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast. • Improper handling. • Causes artifacts. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  39. X-ray Film 5. Film Handling and Storage: • Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast. • Heat and humidity. • Too much humidity can cause the emulsion to swell. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  40. X-ray Film 5. Film Handling and Storage: • Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast. • Heat and humidity. • Too little humidity can cause static to develop the film. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  41. X-ray Film 5. Film Handling and Storage: • Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast. • Heat and humidity. • Too much heat can fog film. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  42. X-ray Film 5. Film Handling and Storage: • Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast. • Light and radiation. • Exposure to each can fog film decreasing contrast. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

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