EMERGING DATA BASE TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS

1. EMERGING DATA BASE TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS Dr. K. Raghava Rao, Professor, MCA Dept., KLUniversity, Vaddeswaram krraocse@gmail.com http://emdbtech.blog.com

2. Unit-IV OLAP(Online Analytical Processing) Definition: The dynamic synthesis, analysis, and consolidation of large volumes of multi-dimensional data. Ever increasing growth in data warehousing is an ever-increasing demand by users for more powerful access tools that provide advanced analytical capabilities.  Data warehouses bring together large database systems have provided only limited and relatively simplistic data analysis. There are two main types of access tools to meet users demand are: i) OLAP (online analytical processing) ii) Data Mining • A data warehouse(one or more data marts) together with tools such as OLAP and or data mining are collectively referred to as Business Intelligence(BI) technologies.

3. Unit-IV OLAP(Online Analytical Processing) RDBMS have bee used primarily to support traditional OLTP systems. A data warehouse stores operational data and is expected to support a wide of queries from the relatively simple to the highly complex. A tool that can support more advanced queries , namely OLAP. OLAP is a technology that uses a multi-dimensional view of aggregate data to provide quick access to strategic information for the purposes of advanced analysis. OLAP allows user to view corporate data in a such a way that it is a better model of true dimensionality of the enterprise.  OLAP enables decision-making about future actions.

4. Unit-IV OLAPOLAP Benchmarks OLAP council published an analytical processing benchmark(OPB-1) is to measure a server’s overall OLAP performance rather than performance of individual tasks. The tasks include the following: i)bulk loading of data from internal or external data sources; ii) incremental loading of data from operational systems; iii)aggregation of input-level data along hierarchies iv) calculation of new data based on business models; v) time series analysis; vi) queries with a high degree of complexity; vii) drill-down through hierarchies viii) ad hoc queries; ix) multiple online sesssions.

5. Unit-IV OLAP Applications

6. Questions • 1. What three things make up the biosphere? • 2. What is an ecosystem? • 3. List three parts of the Earth included in the biosphere. • 4. Define the term ecology. • 5. Compare and contrast the terms habitat and biosphere. • 6. Identify the major difference between a community and a population, and give one example of each. • 7. Think Critically: Does the amount of rain that falls in an area determine which kinds of organisms can live there? Why or why not?

7. Populations: Competition • Food & Space: • Organisms living in the wild do not always have enough food or living space. Competition occurs when two or more organisms seek the same resource at the same time. • Growth Limits—Competition limits population size. Competition for food, living space, or other resources can limit population growth. In nature, the most intense competition is usually between the same species because they need the same kinds of food and shelter.

8. Populations: Population Size • Ecologists often need to measure the size of a population. The number of individuals of one species per a specific area is called population density. • Trap-mark-release is one of the methods used to measure wild life populations. The Census is a method used in the US every 10 years to measure its population.

9. Populations: Sample Counts, Limiting Factors and Carrying Capacity Sample counts. Ecologists use sample counts to estimate the sizes of large populations. Limiting factors. In any ecosystem, the availability of food, water, living space, mates, nesting sites, and other resources is often limited. A limiting factor is anything that restricts the number of individuals in a population. Limiting factors include living and non living features of the ecosystem. A limiting factor can affect more than one population in a community. Carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is the largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time. Biotic Potential. The highest rate of reproduction under ideal conditions is a population’s biotic potential.

10. Visualizing Population Growth

11. Questions • 1. Describe three ways in which ecologists can estimate the size of a population. • 2. Explain how birthrates and death rates influence the size of a population. • 3. Explain how carrying capacity influences the number of organisms in an ecosystem. • 4. Think Critically. Why are food and water the limiting factors that usually have the greatest effect on population size?

12. Interactions Within Communities • Organisms that use the outside energy source like the Sun to make energy-rich molecules are called producers. • Some producers use chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Other producers do not contain chlorophyll and use chemosynthesis.

13. Consumers • Organisms that cannot make their own energy-rich molecules are called consumers. • Herbivores are vegetarians. They include rabbits, deer, and other plant eaters.

14. Consumers • Carnivores are animals that eat other animals. Frogs and spiders are carnivores that eat insects.

15. Consumers • Omnivores, including pigs and humans, eat mostly plants and animals.

16. Consumers Decomposers, including fungi, bacteria, and earthworms, consume wastes and dead organisms. Decomposers help recycle once-living matter by breaking it down into simple, energy-rich substances. These substances might serve as food for decomposers, be absorbed by plant roots, or be consumed by other organisms.

17. Obtaining Energy • Food chains. • Ecology includes the study of how organisms depend on each other for food. • A food chain is a simple model of the feeding relationships in an ecosystem. • Grassgrasshoppertoadsnakehawk • Start with a producer, end with a predator.

18. Symbiotic Relationships • Any close relationship between species is called symbiosis. • Mutualism: A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit is called mutualism. • Commensalism: A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected is called commensalism. • Parasitism: A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is harmed is called parasitism.

19. Niches • An organism’s niche is its role in its environment—how it obtains food and shelter, finds a mate, cares for its young, and avoids danger. • Predator and Prey. An organism’s niche includes how it avoids being eaten and how it finds or captures its food. Predators are consumers that capture and eat other consumers. The prey is the organism that is captured by the predator. • Cooperation. Individual organisms often cooperate in ways that improve survival. (Ants, bees, etc.)

20. Questions • 1. Explain why all consumers depend on producers for food. • 2. Describe a mutualistic relationship between two imaginary organisms. Name the organisms and explain how each benefits. • 3. Compare and contrast the terms habitat and niche. • 4. Think Critically. A parasite can obtain food only from a host organism. Explain why most parasites weaken, but do not kill, their hosts.

21. Performance Task • Design an experiment to classify the symbiotic relationship that exists between two hypothetical organisms. Animal A definitely benefits from its relationship with plant B, but is not clear whether Plant B benefits, is harmed, or is unaffected.

22. The Census measures a human population. • The census has been taken every ten years since the early days of the United States of America. • Although the Census Bureau carries out hundreds of surveys every year, its most well-known duty is still to conduct the decennial census. Census results have several high profile applications: they are used to reapportion seats in the House of Representatives, to realign congressional districts, and as a factor in the formulas that distribute hundreds of billions of dollars in federal funds each year. Because of the importance of this population count, procedural changes in the decennial census often reflect larger organizational shifts at the Census Bureau.

23. More about the Census… • 1790 • Census Day was August 2, 1790. • Authorizing Legislation • The first census began more than a year after the inauguration of President Washington and shortly before the second session of the first Congress ended. Congress assigned responsibility for the 1790 census to the marshals of the U.S. judicial districts under an act which, with minor modifications and extensions, governed census taking through 1840. The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in "two of the most public places within [each jurisdiction], there to remain for the inspection of all concerned..." and that "the aggregate amount of each description of persons" for every district be transmitted to the president. • Enumeration • The six inquiries in 1790 called for the name of the head of the family and the number of persons in each household of the following descriptions: • Free White males of 16 years and upward (to assess the country's industrial and military potential) • Free White males under 16 years • Free White females • All other free persons • Slaves • Under the general direction of Thomas Jefferson, the Secretary of State, marshals took the census in the original 13 States, plus the districts of Kentucky, Maine, and Vermont, and the Southwest Territory (Tennessee). • Both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson expressed skepticism over the final count, expecting a number that exceeded the 3.9 million inhabitants counted in the census.