Introduction

1. Introduction Chapter Introduction This chapter will introduce you to the Civilizations of Early India. You will learn about the Indus Valley civilization, the Vedic age, and religions that emerged in early India. Section 1: Indus Valley Civilization Section 2: India’s Vedic Age Section 3: Hinduism Section 4: Buddhism

2. Indus Valley Civilization What geographic features affected early India?

3. Indus Valley Civilization Key Ideas The first civilization of the Indian Subcontinent developed along the Indus River. The Indus Valley civilization had large, well-planned cities, a strong government, and an extensive trade network.

4. Indus Valley Civilization Key Ideas We do not understand the Indus Valley civilization’s writing, so its politics, religion, and history remain a mystery.

5. Indus Valley Civilization Key Terms • subcontinent—large landmass that is set apart from the rest of the continent • river system—main river and all of the other rivers and streams that drain into it

6. Indus Valley Civilization Key Terms monsoon—seasonal winds that bring rain to the Indian subcontinent during parts of the year granary—special building used to hold grain citadel—fortified area of a city

7. Indus Valley Civilization The Indian Subcontinent For much of history, the region of South Asia was known simply as India. The towering Himalayas and Hindu Kush ranges separate the Indian subcontinent from the rest of Asia. Seasonal winds, called monsoons, influence the climate of the region. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Qtf7M1s__w

8. Indus Valley Civilization What countries make up South Asia today? 1. India 2.Pakistan 3. Sri Lanka 4. Maldives 5. Nepal 6. Bangladesh 7. Bhutan

9. Indus Valley Civilization The Indian Subcontinent Two major rivers systems begin in the Himalayas and wind across the subcontinent. The Indus River flows through Pakistan. The Ganges River flows across northern India.

10. Indus Valley Civilization An Advanced Civilization Farming began in the Indus river system around 7000 B.C. Farmers grew wheat and barley and settlements emerged.

11. Indus Valley Civilization An Advanced Civilization By 2500 B.C., well-planned cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had developed. Archaeologists have discovered irrigation channels, granaries, and brick-lined sewers. City streets were laid out in a grid pattern.

12. Indus Valley Civilization An Advanced Civilization Archaeologists have also found jewelry,pottery, and stone seals. Farming and trade were important to the advanced Indus Valley cities. • Accurate weights and measures helped promote trade.

13. Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley Mysteries Scholars have been unable to decipher the writing of the Indus Valley civilization, so its politics, religion, and history remain a mystery. Another mystery is why the Indus Valley civilization disappeared around 1700 B.C. END OF Chapter 12-1 Complete pg 383 # 1,3,4,5,6,9

15. India’s Vedic Age How are the Indo-European languagesof Sanskrit and English similar? Pair each Sanskrit word below with its English word. • Sanskrit Words • bhandhana • bhratar • dhur • duhitar • matar • mus • svasar • trayas • English Words • mother • sister • brother • mouse • bandana • three • door • daughter

16. India’s Vedic Age Key Ideas Most historians believe that Indo-Aryan nomads entered the Indian subcontinent over many years and mixed with local people. Sacred scriptures known as the Vedas teach us about the Aryan religion and customs.

17. India’s Vedic Age Key Ideas A caste system emerged in India dividing Indians into groups based on birth and occupation.

18. India’s Vedic Age Key Terms Veda—collection of hundreds of sacred hymns composed by the Aryans caste—fixed social class into which a person is born Brahmin—priest

19. India’s Vedic Age Key Terms Kshatriya—ruler or warrior Vaishya—landowner, banker, or merchant Sudra—farmer, laborer, or servant Dalit—person who performed dirty jobs

20. India’s Vedic Age The Origins of the Indo-Aryans By 1500 B.C., a people called Aryans lived in the Indus Valley. The Aryans mixed with local people, who adopted the Aryan language and religion. This period of Indian history is called the Vedic age.

21. India’s Vedic Age The Origins of the Indo-Aryans After settling in India, the Aryans composed the Vedas—sacred hymns that described their religion and society. For a thousand years, priests chanted the Vedas in the Sanskrit language. Most Vedas praise Aryan gods and goddesses.

22. India’s Vedic Age The Origins of the Indo-Aryans During the Vedic age, Aryans moved into the Ganges Plain and took up farming. Clans joined to form republics, and powerful leaders made themselves kings. By 500 B.C., more than a dozen kingdoms covered the Ganges Plain.

23. India’s Vedic Age The Caste System Aryans introduced the caste system, which became India’s social structure. A person was born into a caste and could not mix with members of other castes. Castes were organized by jatis, or types of jobs, and by varnas, or religious status.

24. India’s Vedic Age The Caste System The caste system limited people’s individual freedom because the patterns of their lives were fixed at birth. Some believe the caste system brought stability to Indian society. In India today, the law forbids caste discrimination.

25. The Hindu Caste System Social Structure in India

26. How Caste Shapes Society Definition: A type of social organization/hierarchy in which a person’s occupation and position in life is determined by the circumstances of his birth.

27. How Caste Shapes Society • Rigid, hereditary membership into birth caste • Marriage only among member of same caste • Occupation choices restricted • Personal contact with other castes restricted • Acceptance of fixed place in society

28. Caste Systems Benefits • Members of a caste rely on each other for support

29. Brahmins—thinkers/knowers Ksatriya—doers Vaisya—provide food for the belly Sudra—do the work Caste Systems Benefits Each caste is born out of Brahma (the creator)

30. A System of Reciprocity and Redistribution • Each caste has an occupation(s) and contributes to the good of the whole • Jajman—gives gift (landlord) • Kamin—gives service to the landholder (lower castes)

31. Landholder gives grain to… Barber Priest Potter Blacksmith Carpenter Traditional Village System Today…more of a market system

32. ReincarnationA person is born, lives, dies, and is reborn again many times. Souls are reborn many times until they are pure enough to be with the creator, Brahma Karma A person’s social position in the next life is determined by his conduct in the present life. How One’s Caste is Determined

33. Dharma Code of behavior or set of moral and ethical rules that govern the conduct of each social class. Each group has a different set of rules to live by. Laws of Manu Hindu book of sacred law Rules and restrictions for daily life How One’s Caste is Determined

34. The Four Castes • Brahmins – Priests, Teachers, Judges; usually don’t own land therefore need other castes to work the land and provide for them • Kshatriyas– Warriors and Rulers (landowners) • Vaisyas – Skilled Traders, Merchants, Farmers

35. The Four Castes • Sudras – Unskilled Workers—Laborers and Craft workers • Below these four castes are people who belong to no caste • Untouchables – Outcastes, Children of God • Concept of pollution…the most pure at the top (Brahmins) and the most polluted at the bottom (Untouchables)

36. Brahmins - Priests • Purpose is to help people of other castes fulfill their dharma • Perform rituals and observe vows for the sake of others

37. Kshatriyas - Warriors and Rulers • Responsible for leadership of the people • Often rely on advice from Brahmins

38. Vaisyas – Skilled Traders, Merchants • Shopkeepers who sell products (unlike the Shudra who sell services)

39. Sudras – Unskilled Workers • Each subgroup of this caste performs a specific service. • Jobs include gardeners, potters, and clothes washers

40. Untouchables - The Outcastes • Belong to no caste • Expected to do the “dirty” jobs • Come in contact with animal skins, dead bodies and human feces • Avoid contact with “caste” Indians for fear of “pollution”

41. END OF CHAPTER 12-2

42. Hinduism What does this diagram tell you aboutthe Hindu beliefof reincarnation,or rebirth?

43. Hinduism Academic Vocabulary issue—n.,problem or subject to be discussed or decided The issue of violence in video games was discussed at the parent-teacher meeting. devote—v,. to set aside for a purposeSherri devoted three hours a day to her schoolwork.

44. Hinduism Key Ideas Hinduism grew out of Brahmanism. Hindus believe in a supreme God, Brahman, who is the source of all things.

45. Hinduism Key Ideas Hindus believe that people’s actions determine how they are reincarnated. Hinduism spread across India and to Southeast Asia and has had a lasting impact on those regions.

46. Hinduism Key Terms Brahmanism—religion of the Vedic age based on priests and rituals, particularly sacrifices to the gods guru—thinker or teacher Brahman—supreme cosmic consciousness, spiritual force, or God in the Hindu religion

47. Hinduism Key Terms reincarnation—rebirth of the soul in a new body karma—effect of a person’s actions in this and in previous lives dharma—a person’s duty, or what is right for him or her

48. Hinduism Key Terms ahimsa—avoiding doing harm to any living thing moksha—liberation from reincarnation

49. Hinduism The Roots of Hinduism During the Vedic age, only Brahmins, or priests, could study the Vedas and perform ritualsto gods. Thus, Brahmins held great power in earlyIndian society.

50. Hinduism The Evolution of Hinduism Around 500 B.C., Indian beliefs about old gods and rituals began to change. People began to ask questions about their lives. Thinkers known as gurus discussed the questions and wrote their ideas in the Upanishads.