New Opportunities in the Physics Landscape at CERN

2. 10-13 May 2009 New Opportunities in the Physics Landscape at CERN Antiproton Decelerator (AD) Summary and Prospects Klaus Jungmann, KVI, University of Groningen, NL • PhysicsMotivation • Unique Possibilities • Tests of Fundamental Theories • Precision Measurements • Novel Techniques and Instrumentation • Applications • High Visibility  ? P P

3. Physics Motivation

4. Sir Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) Basic Principles on which Scientists work in Physics  First Theory on Gravity How do we work in Physics ?

5. FANTOM Study Week Gent 2007 • A Theory is only as good as it is experimentally verified. • A Theory without experimental verification has no standing.

6. The Standard Model(s) Dark Matter – Dark Energy … • Excellent Description of • ALL Observations • However, many Open Questions • Why 3 generations ? • Why some 30 parameters? • Why one electric charge ? • What about CP violation ? • Why matter-antimatter asymmetry? • ….. • Gravitynot included • NoCombindTheoryofGravityand • Quantum Mechanics. • Contents of the Cosmos • What’s the other 96% beyond matter ?

7. ? Physics within the Standard Model: complex systems, spectra, lifetimes… + - u u d d u d N S zX e- m- b+ ne Standard Model in Particle Physics Gravitation Grand Unification Electro- Electro - Weak Magnetism Magnetism Standard Model Electricity ? Weak Strong Strong • Speculative Models: • Supersymmetry, Cold dark matter, Tachyons, Radiativemuon generation, • Technicolor, Leptoquarks, Extra gauge bosons, Extra dimensions, • LeftRight Symmetry, Compositeness, Lepton flavour violation, …. • No Status in Physics , yet: “Not Even Wrong” not yet known? Physics outside the Standard Model: new phenomena, new particles…

8. Experiments at the Frontiers of Standard Theory Direct Search Frontier Precision Frontier  complementary approaches

9. Test of Fundamental Symmetries PrecisonMeasurements

10. Since then CERN has a HIGHLY PUBLICLY VISIBLEprogram on Low Energy Precision Testsof most fundamental theories

11. Precision requires Time pbar-p q/m 45 years electron g-2 60 years muon g-2 45 years muonium 1s-2s 15 years Highly precise CPT & Gravity Tests  Proton and Antiproton q/m compare to 0.1 ppb Clock Comparisons  Proton and Antiproton gravitational accceleration equal to 1 ppm p and pbar charge to mass ratio (circles) p and pbar inertial mass ratio (squares)

12. Verifications of CPTSymmetry • Tests of particle/antiparticle symmetry (PDG) • Inconsistent definition of figure of merit: comparison difficult • Pattern of CPT violation unknown (P: weak interaction, CP: mesons) • → Arbitrary number joggling to get • “accuracy” better than experiments !!!

13. CPT– Violation & Lorentz Invariance Violation • Kosteleckyet al.: • Interaction with a finite strength • Figure of merit energy based • → Completely different systems appear much more interesting !

14. Mass [eV] Verifications of CPT symmetry Using the Kosteleckyet al. Standard Model Extension scheme • Tests of particle/antiparticle symmetry (PDG)

15. Different methods available to produce Antihydrogen

16. ATHENA Scientists Create 'Star Trek' Antihydrogen in QuantityBy Alex DominguezAssociated Pressposted: 02:59 pm ET18 September 2002 ATRAP Physical Review Letters 89, 213401 online (2002)

17. (Anti-)Hydrogen CPT Tests DnHFS= cons. *a2 R+eQED+enucl +eweak + eCPT Laser spectroscopy 1s-2s -------- Microwave spectroscopy 1s Hyperfine Structure Dn1s2s= ¾ *R+eQED+enucl +eweak + eCPT “Long distance” Interaction “Contact” interaction R= mec2 *a2/2 h

18. Line center accuracy in absence of systematic errors: • n = Dnexp. / (Sign./Noise) Dnexp. /  Nparticles (Anti-)Hydrogen Spectroscopy* Hydrogen 1s-2s Saturation Intensity Is = 0.9 W/cm2 Excitation Rate Re = 4p*84*(I/W/s*cm2)2/Dn/Hz Photo Ionization Rate Rp = 9*I/W/s*cm2 Zeeman shift dnZ = 9.3*B Hz/T ac Stark shift dnac = 1.7*I Hz /W*cm2 Velocity at 1mK V1K = 4 m/s Time-of-flight broadening DnTOF= 3 kHz (1 mK, 600 mm beam diam.) Lyman a detection efficiency 10-6 =  * effMCP (= 10-4 * 10-2) 1011 H-atoms (MIT Bose condensation)dn/n1s2s = 10-13(1s integration time) Just one Problem: Lyman-a detection via field quenching => atoms can be used once only (all 1s, mF states get equally populated) Antihydrogenexperiments benefit from more particles * numbers verified with L. Willmann

19. pH Ground-state Hyperfine Structure SIMULATION Need less particles ( 2 pH / s ) because of narrow natural linewidth from B. Juhasz

20. pHe+ Atom – a naturally occurring trap for antiprotons • • Serendipitously discovered by Tokyo group at KEK • • 3-body system, Metastable • • ~ 3% of stopped antiprotons survive with average lifetime of ~ 3 ms • • Precision laser spectroscopy by ASACUSA: • - best test of 3-body QED theories • - proton-antiproton mass & charge comparison(PDG) • Enters CODATA constant adjustment significantly Hayano, Yamazaki et al.

21. Progress in atomcule spectroscopy year

22. CPT Tests @CERN AD • At the CERN AD a number of unique, important CPT tests • were already conducted and improved ones are on their way : • ASACUSApHe , pHe+ , pH , p • ATRAP p , pH • ALPHA pH • One can expect significant steering of Model Building and • High Visibility next to a robust discovery potential.

23. (Anti-)Hydrogen Gravity Tests F= - m*g ? The Remaining eagerly awaited GravityTest Hydrogen F=m*g ? F=m*g • Lyman –a laser required • Lyman –a laser developed Unique Possibility

24. Gravity Tests @CERN AD • At the CERN AD is the place to answer the most urgent • question on antimatter gravity : • AEGIS pH • ATRAP pH • Free Fall pH • One can expect an answer to a most fundamental question • to question, which only can be answered by experiment! • High Visibility next to a robust discovery potential.

25. Standard Model Physics Applications

26. ASACUSA using RFQD &MUSAHI Antiprotonic Radioactive Atoms • VOLUME 87, NUMBER 8 P H Y S I C A L R E V I E W L E T T E R S 20 AUGUST 2001 • Neutron Density Distributions Deduced from Antiprotonic Atoms • A. Trzcin´ska, J. Jastrze ¸bski, and P. Lubin´ski • Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland • F. J. Hartmann, R. Schmidt, and T. von Egidy • Physik-Department, TechnischeUniversitätMünchen, D-85747 Garching, Germany • B. Klos • Physics Department, Silesian University, PL-40-007 Katowice, Poland • (Received 28 March 2001; published 2 August 2001) Highest Uncertainty Arising from Theory

27. Antiproton Radio-Therapy A significant win (factor ~4) in a sensitive window for tumor treatment and healthy tissue sparing Carbon Antiprotons

28. Physics within Standard Model and Applied Research @CERN AD • At the CERN AD also SM physics and Applied Research is • conducted: • ASACUSAp-nucleus annihilation, atomic collisions • Double-Strangeness p-nucleus dedicated experiment • Production • PAX p polarization, p – p interactions • ACE p radiation-therapy • …… • One can expect deeper insights and the development of • novel techniques to the benefit of physics and society.

29. Antiproton Sources

30. Antiproton Decelerator (AD) @ CERN • Started operation July 6, 2000 • Antiproton capture, deceleration, cooling • Pulsed extraction • Many Experiments • ASACUSA • ATRAP • ALPHA • AEGIS • Free Fall • PAX • ACE • ….. • Request for more and • better antiproton beams • To speed up progress • To boost accuracy •  ELENA

31. Consequent Future Development ELENA@CERN ELENAprovides 10-100 times more particles ?Possible Option?TSR@MPIK(Heidelberg)  ELENA ??

32. FLAIR @ /FAIR Factor 100 more pbar trapped or stopped in gas targets than now FLAIR NESR

33. New Facilities @CERN AD or GSI/FAIR • New Facilities can provide up to 100 times more particles: • MUSASHI ASACUSA ‘s device to recycle p’s • ELENA Generic low cost CERN solution, • Start possible now • FLAIR GSI/FAIR solution not before 2015 • One can expect faster progress and better results from more p’s • → CERN and GSI should synchronize

34. Summary and Conclusions • Highly Motivated Urgent Antiproton Experiments • with robust Discovery Potential and High Visibility • CPT, Gravity, Determination of Fundamental Constants, • SM Physics, Applications (Therapy) • Unique Facility worldwide until beyond 2015 • Creative and Innovative Increasing Community • Young people • Novel Techniques and Novel Technology • Physics Program good on Time Path • Physics Program needs more particles • →ELENAwell motivated • Productive and Prosperous Future Ahead Low Energy Antiproton contributions to Physics just started Precision takes Time Care and Particles

36. Thank YOU !