Understanding Complex Verb Phrases in Grammar

1. Chapter 6 Phrases

2. Chapter 6: Grammar Safari • Find a ‘real-life’ complex verb phrase • Identify all of the components of the VP • Auxillaries (modal, tense, HAVE, BE) & Main • Draw out the tree to show us how it works • You will need information from the later parts of the chapter to finish this one… • Example • I would have been going to see the movie. • + VP tree (to be discussed…)

3. Subject & Predicate Division? The androokers plurked and urkled beside the broofled lumphet. A B C D

4. Get Some Exercise • Underline the subjects below • A lion ate an antelope under the tree. • Students have always dreaded tests. • Usually, people find Bill Cosby funny. • Test yourself • Substitute a pronoun for the underlined section in each sentence above.

5. Subj / Predicate Division? • Identify Subj/Pred. in the sentences • Use tag, Y/N question or substitution tests • The trees that covered the mountains were turning colors: yellow, red & purple. A B C D

6. Subj / Predicate Division? • Identify Subj/Pred. in the sentences • Use tag, Y/N question or substitution tests • The test, which I had been dreading for weeks, turned out to be simple after all. A B C D

7. Phrase types & Constituency • Constituent • Words that hang together (in Phrases) • Common Phrase Types • NP the lamp • VP might have been turned (on) • ADJP (the) red and white polka dot (lamp) • ADVP (the lamp shone) extremely brightly

8. Exercise • Divide and label: NP, MVP, ADJP, ADVP • The mermaids lived under the sea. • They were very happy. • Sailors told mermaid stories to their kids.

9. Parse the Sentence… Subject, Predicate; NP, MVP, ADJP, ADVP (& PP, Rel.P) It suddenly occurred to Bob that the origin of life debate might run longer than expected.

10. Reinforcing the inflections reviewed in Chpt 3… Overview - Principle Verbal Inflections • Base form {-∞} • Follows “to” or “MODAL” • No ‘time’ implications • Simple Present Tense {-s} • ‘NOW’ (Prototypically) • Simple Past Tense {-ed} • ‘BEFORE’ • Progressive Form {-ing} • ‘ONGOING’ (AKA Pres. Participle) • Participle Form {-en} • ‘COMPLETED (AKA Past Participle)@ UNKNOWN TIME’ Indicators: | current time temporal focus

11. Work It Out… • Ignore book’s directions. • Answer questions below using the exercise sentences • Exercise 6.4  Page 165 • Answer these questions: • What verb form follows BE? • What verb form follows HAVE? • What verb form follows a modal? • Which verb (or helping verb) shows tense?1st, 2nd, or 3rd…NOTE: “Tense” in the ‘formal’ sense… • What’s funky about tense with a modal? • In what order do AUX verbs appear? 1st, 2nd, 3rd… see previous slide…

12. Base form {-∞} • It might _____ (something/good/well). • She wants to _____ (something/good). (find 1 below)

13. Simple Present Tense {-s} • He _____ (something/good/well) sometimes.

14. Simple Present Tense? • Looks like the “Dissolve” transition in my presentation needs adjusting How many present tense verbs? • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4

15. Simple Past Tense {-ed} • He _____ (something/good/well) then.

16. Simple Past Tense? The boy below is a space alien who traded places with Calvin… How many“pasts”? • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4

17. Progressive Form [be + -ing](AKA Present Participle Aspect) • They are _____ (something/good/well) now.

18. How many “progressives”? • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 Progressive?

19. Participle Form [have + -en](AKA Present Participle Aspect) • We have [always] _____ (something/good/well).

20. How many “participles”? • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 Participial? Chuck should never have tried to teach Chester to drive.

21. How many BASE verbs? A= 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 4

22. How many “Simple Presents”? A= 5, B = 6, C = 7, D = 8

23. How many “Simple Pasts”? A= 5, B = 6, C = 7, D = 8

24. How many “Progressives”? A= 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 4

25. How many “Participles”?A= 0, B = 1, C = 2, D = 3

26. Any Questions… …before we move on?

27. Auxiliary Verbs • AKA “helping Verbs” • HAVE • BE May also be ‘MAIN’ verbs • DO • Modals • Never ‘true verb’ • CAN, WILL, SHALL, MAY, Must, Ought }

28. Identify the AUX& MAINVerbs • Did someone say we should be leaving? • I have been wanting to leave since 8:30. • This must be the longest party of the year. • Our host will not do this again. NOTE: Each clause has its own verbs… For more practice look at Exercise 5.4

29. Remember the Rules? • -ing form comes after BE • -en form comes after HAVE • ∞(base)form comes after a Modal • 1st verb in the MVP shows the tense • Modals’ tense ≠ time information • Order of optional Auxiliaries: • (Modal+ -∞) • (HAVE + -en) • (BE + -ing)

30. Main Verb Phrase Structure MVP AUX MV TENSE (Modal+[∞]) (HAVE + [-en])(BE + [-ing]) (past or(Participle)(Progressive)present)

31. Putting the Tree to Work… MVP Past + Drive AUX MV TENSE (Modal+[∞]) (HAVE + [-en]) (BE + [-ing])(past or(Participle)(Progressive)present) Past Drive Drove

32. Putting the Tree to Work… MVP Past + HAVE + -en + drivePast + BE + -ing + drive Past + SHALL + BE + -ing + drive AUX MV TENSE (Modal+[∞]) (HAVE + [-en]) (BE + (-ing]) (past or(Participle)(Progressive)present)

33. Parse the Verb Phrase Hints: ‘Never’ is movable… Infinitives masquerade as other parts of speech… Chuck should never have tried to teach his dog to drive.

34. Get Some Exercise (6.5) • Write the following as normal English sentences: • I + past + come + to class today • Concerned students + pres + will + BE + [-ing] + study • Jo + past + Shall +[∞] + HAVE + [-en] + BE +[-ing] + eat

35. Get Some MORE Exercise (6.7) Make sentences using the verb parts: TenseModal+∞HAVE+enBE+ingMV • Joe past will ---- B+ing study • Joe pres ---- H+en ---- eat • Joe past may H+en B+ing talk

36. Get Some Exercise (6.6) Identify the verb parts: Tense, Modal {+∞}, Have {+en}, BE {+ing}, Main Verb • All of the runners finished the race. • Fred is being friendly. • George should have been watching TV.

37. How many “elements” inside the box? • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 How many verbal elements?

38. Think about the Tense… • After this we research for more information to go with what we already knew… • Any errors? • Any suggestions for revision?

39. Where is the error? – Choose the line # • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 Error Safari 1. Find the Error 2. Explain it 3. Fix it • The Picture Exchange Communication • System is useful to start language skills • as well as providing those students • who not talk a way of communication.

40. Any Questions… …before we move on?

41. Passive Voice… • Takes an Object makes it a Subject • Called “voice” -- acts like ‘formal tense’ • Rhetorical purpose… • Confusability… • Dave’s take… See pages 242 ff..

42. Oldest tree in Versailles pulled down after 324 years • Wed Feb 9,11:28 AM ETScience - AFP • VERSAILLES, France (AFP) - The oldest tree in the grounds of the palace of Versailles -- Marie-Antoinette's oak -- was pulled down more than 320 years after it was planted.

43. Form 1 Form 2 Meaning 1 Same Idea – Different Focus A groundskeeper cut down Marie-Antoinette's oak Marie Antoinette's oakwas cut down by a groundskeeper The tree is gone

44. MVP Structure w/Passive MVP AUX MV TENSE (Modal+[-∞]) (HAVE + [-en]) (BE +[-ing]) (BE +[-en]) (Past or(Participle)(Progressive) (Passive) Present)

45. boys ate | pizza pizza was eaten The The the by boys the Active  Passive Steps • The original D.O. becomes the subject • BE + en is added to the verb (also “GET + en”) • The original Subj is placed in a BY phrase*** Optional ***

46. Passive Tree – Part I S NP VP NP Art N V Art N The boys ate the pizza + BY

47. Passive Tree – Part II S NP VP NP Art N Aux MV X The pizza was eaten Optional BY phrasegoes here…

48. Passive BE + -en OR GET + -en

49. Descriptive Passive Rules • A verb with no auxiliary is active • When the main verb ends in –ing, it must be active • If an –en main verb is preceded bya form of HAVE, it must be active • If the main verb is not transitive (MVtr), it must be active • If an –en main verb is preceded by a form of BE (or GET), it is passive

50. Passive? 1 2 3 4 • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4