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Jeffrey Vitale Gaspard Vognan Marc Ouattarra Karim Traore Oumar Guigemo

Burkina Faso Bollgard II ® Socio-economic Study : Outcomes from 2011 Field Surveys. Jeffrey Vitale Gaspard Vognan Marc Ouattarra Karim Traore Oumar Guigemo. Burkina Faso: Pioneering Bt Cotton in SSA Africa. Source: ISAAA 2011. Burkina Faso: Pioneering Bt Cotton in Africa.

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Jeffrey Vitale Gaspard Vognan Marc Ouattarra Karim Traore Oumar Guigemo

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  1. Burkina Faso Bollgard II ® Socio-economicStudy: Outcomesfrom 2011 Field Surveys Jeffrey Vitale Gaspard Vognan Marc Ouattarra Karim Traore OumarGuigemo

  2. Burkina Faso: Pioneering Bt Cotton in SSA Africa Source: ISAAA 2011.

  3. Burkina Faso: Pioneering Bt Cotton in Africa • What makes the Burkina Faso story unique? • Demonstrates the feasibility of introducing a GM crop in a less developed country • Persistence and determination in an environment often hostile to biotechnology and GM crops • Collaboration among diverse stakeholders, including smallholder producers, private sector, and public sector

  4. Success -> Stagnation Pests, soil degradation, seed quality, land expansion Fertilizer, pesticides, new varieties, animal traction, extension services Initial contact between Burkina Faso & Monsanto

  5. The Burkina Faso Story: Origins • Discontent and frustration with “conventional” pest control management

  6. Conventional Pest Mgmt • Conventional pest management is a spray-based regiment with 6 applications • 4 sprays target bollworms (caterpillars) early in the season: endosulfans • 2 sprays target piercing/sucking (aphids, whiteflies, etc.) later in the season: pyrethroids This management approach is termed “conventional cotton”.

  7. The Burkina Faso Story: Origins • Discontent and frustration with conventional pest methods: • Pest resistance to pyrethroids- return to endosulfans • Health risks and problems • More intensive use of pesticides → rising costs • Ineffective applications (wash-off, timing) • Crop damage and yield losses • Build-up of pest density from long-term cotton production

  8. Health and Environmental Concerns • Environmental and health concerns, particularly the use of endosulfans. • Reports of illness and even death • Children often at risk

  9. Pest Damage • Cotton yield losses due to insect pest damage on conventional cotton range between 15% to 35% throughout West Africa, creating economic losses between $18 and $40 million in Burkina Faso Cotton Boll damage

  10. Bollgard II in Burkina Faso Initial contacts + all of the political capital required to legalize the testing of Bt cotton. • < 2003 Success -> Stagnation • 2003-05 Confined Field Trials • 2006 Demonstration Plots • 2007 On-farm trials • 2008 Limited Commercial release • 2009-11 Large-Scale Commercial release Biosafety protocols Business model Legal frameworks Technical capacity

  11. Testing & Evaluation: 2003-2007

  12. Bollgard II in Burkina Faso • < 2003 Success -> Stagnation • 2003-05 Confined Field Trials • 2006 Demonstration Plots • 2007 On-farm Trials • 2008 Limited Commercial Release • 2009-11 Large-Scale Commercial Release

  13. Burkina Faso: Commercial Use of Bt Cotton

  14. Purpose • Report findings from 2011 field surveys of 548 cotton producers conducted in Burkina Faso • Measure the economic impacts of Bollgard II on: • Production cost • Yield • Profit • Size and distribution of benefits among stakeholders • Assess impacts of pesticide use on human health • Poisoning incidents • Pesticide handling practices

  15. Analysis & Outcomesfrom 2011 Field Survey July through December, 2011

  16. Data Analysis • Developed ANOVA models of cotton yield using the following equation, its main effects, levels, and interaction terms: Yield = f(Gene, Farm_Type , Zone, Late Season Sprays) Bt Conventional Manual < 1 ha 0 1 2 Large 2 or more bullock pairs Small 1 bullock pair Faso Cotton SOFITEX Socoma

  17. Cotton Zones FASO COTTON ≈ 15% production N = 80 households Fada SOFITEX ≈ 80% production Po SOCOMA ≈ 5% update these numbers using Doulayes numbers production N = 40 households

  18. ANOVA Results

  19. ANOVA Yield Model Results Bt gene effect is positive and significant • Bt Gene effect 19.7% Yield Advantage of BG II over Conventional cotton b BG II Generated Significantly Higher Yields than Conventional Cotton in 2011

  20. Are the Bt Yield Gains Equitable? • Can we further explain the yields? • Always concerns over the equity so we always investigate potential “bias”. • Does the impact vary across farm type? Zone? Late season (secondary) sprays?

  21. ANOVA Yield Model Results Is the average yield increase consistent across farm type? • Farm Type effect a c ab b b c 21% 19.7% 17% 33% % diff Large Farms Generated Significantly Higher Yields than medium Farms, but no significant difference in BG II yield advantage.

  22. ANOVA Yield Model Results • Zone effect a b a c b b 20% 27% 19% 19.7% % diff BG II Generated statistically higher yields in the SOFITEX and SOCOMA regions compared to Faso Cotton but no significant difference in yield advantage.

  23. ANOVA Yield Model Results • Spray effect from 2009 N=34 bc a c b N=21 N=44 N=15 Bt cotton producers who followed recommended spray generated significantly higher yields than those who sprayed only once or did not spray at all.

  24. ANOVA Yield Model Results • Late-season spray effect from 2011 b a b b ab 21% 11% 19.7% No significant effect of late-season sprays in 2011 unlike 2009, but the second spray is still rational as we will see later.

  25. ANOVA Model of Production Costs • Costs equal across zone and farm type effects No significant difference in production costs a a Increase in Seed Cost Largely Offset by Savings in Insecticide Costs $46 ≈ $33 Producer’s capture nearly all of the yield benefits (about 86.8%) No significant increase in risk

  26. ANOVA Model of Profit • BG II generated significantly higher profit on average across zone and farm type ≈ Δ Profit =$95 per haΔ 51.1% increase a b

  27. ANOVA Model of Profit: Farm Type • Profit equal across farm Type ab a b b c c 50% 51.1% 41% 105%

  28. ANOVA Profit Model: Across Zone • BGII generated significantly higher income in each zone a b a c b b 52% 55% 45% 51.1%

  29. ANOVA Model of Profit • Profit equal across sprays a ab b b b

  30. Distribution of Benefits

  31. Aggregation of Benefits $66 million

  32. Socio-Economic Benefits BG II: Summary 2009-2011 20.3% 22% 29% 20%

  33. Socio-Economic Benefits BG II: Summary 2009-2011 121% 52% 177% 206%

  34. Socio-Economic Benefits BG II: Summary 2009-2011 • Significant benefits from growing BGII • Consistent benefits across all three years • Equitable benefits across farm type and zone

  35. ► Health Welfare Summary of Findings ► 46% of households self-reported at least one poisoning incident over last 5 years ► 83% related to insecticides ► BGII would reduce cases by ca 5 500 incidents adding up to $1.29 Million ► BGII would reduce number of pesticide containers by $1.4 million ► 49% of farmers raise health risk as the major reason to adopt BGII

  36. The End

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