IMPERIALISM

1. IMPERIALISM WHAT IS IT AND WHY DO COUNTRIES DO IT?

2. I. European Colonialism in Africa • Europeans have a long and brutal history of “colonialism” in Africa. • As early as the 15th century European Explorers ventured into Africa. • Soon Europeans began to round up and export slaves to the new world. • This horrific practice continued for hundreds of years.

3. WHAT IS IT? • IMPERIALISM: The forcible overtaking of one nation by another. Includes settling colonies, government, and industry in order to have total control of land and people.

4. THE MOTIVES: • Countries want to sell stuff and get raw materials to make stuff. • Prove that their nation is the best/powerful. • Spread Christianity and civilize the people: “White Man’s Burden.”

5. EUROPEAN MOTOIVATION FRO COLIALISM EuropeanNationalism Source for Raw Materials MissionaryActivity Industrial Revolution European Motives For Colonization Markets forFinishedGoods Military& NavalBases SocialDarwinism EuropeanRacism Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul. HumanitarianReasons Soc. & Eco.Opportunities “WhiteMan’sBurden”

6. II. ColonizationCont. • In the 1800s European powers competed in the “scramble for Africa.” This soon lead to numerous conflicts between European nations. • In 1884, leaders from 14 colonial powers, met at the Berlin Conference, where they divided the continent of Africa into 50 countries and claimed them for themselves. • These divisions were made without any consideration of the common culture, history and language shared by different groups of African people. • The map of Africa today remains largely the same as when it was divided in 1884. • There are over 1000 different languages and tribes in Africa.

7. THE SCRAMBLE BEGINS • European nations scramble for territories between 1880-1914 (the beginning of WWI)

8. Imperialism • Britain gets a head start and claims the majority of the land (this will lead to WWI) • Berlin Conference of 1884: Europeans divided up Africa and create a colonial map of the African Continent.

9. 1000 different languages; 1000+ different tribes

10. Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 Another point of view? 

11. Berlin Conference of1884-1885

12. Leopold Defends Himself in Paris, 1903

13. What could be found in each region

14. African Trade [15c-17c]

15. WEST AFRICA

16. WEST AFRICA • #1 reason: Slavery (ended 1890s) • Later trading area • Europe gives: textile and manufactured goods • Africa gives: Peanuts, timber, hides and palm oil

17. NORTH AFRICA

18. NORTH AFRICA • 1805 the Ottomans modernize Egypt • French build Suez Canal connecting the Mid. East to Europe • Brit. later takes control of Egypt & to access Indian colony

19. CENTRAL AFRICA

20. The Belgian Congo: "King Leopold's Ghost" Listen to the yell of Léopold's ghost, Burning in Hell for his hand-maimed host...

21. CENTRAL AFRICA • Belgium took over Congo when King Leopold II wanted a colony • Rubber trees where in high demand and made BIG $$$

22. The Congo Free State orThe Belgian Congo

23. King Leopold II:(r. 1865 – 1909)

24. Harvesting Rubber

25. Punishing “Lazy” Workers

26. 5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

27. Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

28. Leopold’s Conscience??

29. EAST AFRICA • Germany got into the race late and claimed some lands

30. SOUTH AFRICA • Boers (Dutch), then Brits took it over and ultimately “Apartheid” begins

31. SOUTH AFRICA

32. WHAT DID RULE LOOK LIKE? • GOAL: Ruling country spend as little $ as possible • Direct Rule vs. In-Direct Rule

33. IN-DIRECT RULE • The British System • In Fantasy: Used rulers already in power, but made them fly Brit flag & acknowledge Brit authority • In Reality: Brit makes all decisions & keeps elite in power creating tribal & class tension resulting the mess Africa is in today

34. DIRECT RULE • French system • The Fr govt is in control of all aspects of the country. Ultimate goal is to get rid of any native culture and make them as “French” as possible.

35. THIS RACE FOR RESOURCES ALSO INCLUDES SLAVES

36. African Captives in Yokes

37. The "Middle" Passage

38. The Middle Passage

39. Slave Ship Plan

40. “Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship

41. Slave Ship Interior

42. Onboard the Slave Ship

43. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships across the Atlantic!

44. The Triangle Trade

45. Slave Master Brands

46. 30 Lashes

47. Whipped Slave, early 19c

48. Africa 1890

49. Africa in 1914

50. Social Darwinism: term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in “survival of the fittest.”