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HIGHLIGHTS OF WORLD WAR I

This chapter explores President Wilson's opposition to imperialism and his efforts to keep the nation stable and prosperous. It also covers the U.S. involvement in Mexico and the events that led to the start of World War I, including the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

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HIGHLIGHTS OF WORLD WAR I

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  1. HIGHLIGHTS OF WORLD WAR I 1914-1918

  2. Chapter 14.1 – The U.S. Enters WW I • Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy (pages 448–449) • President Wilson was opposed to imperialism and believed democracy was necessary • to keep the nation stable and prosperous. • He wanted a world free from revolution • and war.

  3. Chapter 14.1 – The U.S. Enters WW I • In 1911 a revolution in Mexico forced its leader, PorfirioDíaz, to flee the country. • The new leader, Francisco Madero, was a poor administrator. • General Victoriano Huerta took over in Mexico and presumably had Madero murdered. • Wilson refused to recognize the new government and prevented weapons from reaching Huerta.

  4. Chapter 14.1 – The U.S. Enters WW I • In 1914 Wilson sent marines to seize the Mexican port of Veracruz to overthrow Huerta. • Anti-American riots broke out in Mexico. International mediation of the dispute placed Venustiano Carranza as Mexico’s new president.

  5. Chapter 14.1 – The U.S. Enters WW I • Mexican forces opposed to Carranza conducted raids into the United States, hoping • Wilson would intervene. • Pancho Villa led a group of guerrillas, an armed group that carries out surprise attacks, into New Mexico, and a number of Americans were killed.

  6. Chapter 14.1 – The U.S. Enters WW I • Wilson sent General John J. Pershing and his troops into Mexico to capture Villa. • Pershing was unsuccessful. Wilson’s Mexican policy damaged U.S. foreign relations.

  7. Short Term Cause of World War I: The Spark • June 28, 1914 • Assassinationof the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. • Attack was in Sarajevo, Serbia • Assassin was GavriloPrincip, a member of a Serbian Nationalist Group: The Black Hand,.

  8. GAVRILO PRINCIP • Memberof the Serbian Nationalist Group known as the Black Hand and assassin of the Archduke.

  9. RIVAL ALLIANCE SYSTEM • Serbian nationalists wanted to unite Bosnia and Herzegovina with Serbia. • Austria-Hungary blamed the assassination of the Archduke on Serbia. • Germany is an ally to Austria-Hungary and issues the “blank check” to A-H. • Serbia rejects key points of the ultimatum.

  10. Sequence of Events • July 28, 1914 – Austria-Hungary mobilizes against Serbia and declares war. • Russia begins general mobilization. Why? • August 1, 1914 – Germany invades Belgium and declares war on France. • August 3, 1914 – Italy declares neutrality.

  11. Sequence of Events • August 23, 1914 – Japan declares war on Germany. • July 3 – Turkey concludes a secret treaty with Germany against Russia and declares war on Russia on October 29. • November 3 – Russia declares war on Turkey • May 23, 1915 – Italy joins the Allies by declaring war on Austria-Hungary.

  12. Sinking of the LusitaniaMay 7, 1915

  13. Zimmerman Telegram • Letter sent by a German Official, Arthur Zimmerman, to Mexico asking Mexico to ally itself with Germany against the United States in exchange for regaining its territories lost earlier to the United States. • Suggested an invasion of the United States by Mexico.

  14. UNITED STATES ENTERS WORLD WAR I • April 6, 1917

  15. CENTRAL POWERS WAR STRATEGY • SCHLIEFFEN PLAN

  16. 14.2 – The HomefrontBuilding Up the Military • As the United States entered the war; it was necessary to recruit more soldiers. • Conscription - forced military service • A new system, called selective service, resulted in about 2.8 million Americans being drafted. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W9fGD8CU6KI

  17. Building Up the Military • African American soldiers faced discrimination and prejudice within the army. • they served in racially segregated units. • ManyAfrican Americans won praise from their commanders and received war medals.

  18. Building Up the Military • World War I was the first war in which women officially served. • The navy enlisted some 11,000 women, whose jobs included clerics, pharmacists, and photographers. • The hired them as temporary employees to fill clerical positions. • Army nurses were the only women in the military to go overseas during the war.

  19. Organizing Industry • The American economy had to mobilize for war. • President Wilson and Congress wanted to establish a cooperative relationship between big business and government. • The goal was to ensure efficient use of resources during the mobilization of the American economy for war.

  20. Organizing Industry • In 1917 the War Industries Board (WIB) was created to coordinate the production of administered by Bernard Baruch. • The Food Administration, under the direction of Herbert Hoover, was responsible for • increasing food production while reducing consumption.

  21. Organizing Industry • Hoover asked people to plant victory gardens to raise their own vegetables in order to leave more food for the troops. • The Fuel Administration encouraged people to conserve coal and oil. Daylight savings time was introduced to conserve energy.

  22. Mobilizing the Workforce • To prevent strikes, the government established the National War Labor Board (NWLB) • in 1918. • In exchange for wage increases, an 8-hour workday, and the right to organize unions and bargain collectively, the labor leaders agreed not to disrupt war production with a strike.

  23. Organizing Industry • Between 300,000 and 500,000 African Americans left the South to settle in the North for jobs. • This “Great Migration” changed the racial makeup of many Northern cities.

  24. Organizing Industry • Schenck v. the United States (1919), • the Supreme Court limited an individual’s freedom of speech if the words spoken constituted a “clear and present danger.”

  25. Ensuring Public Support • The Committee on Public Information (CPI) attempted to “sell” the idea of war to the American people with patriotic messages. • Espionage - spying to acquire secret government information • Espionage Act of 1917 set consequences for people who aided the enemy. • TheSedition Act of 1918 made it illegal to criticize the president or the government.

  26. Ensuring Public Support • To raise money to pay for the war, the government began selling Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds. • By buying bonds, Americans were loaning the government money that would be repaid with interest in a specified number of years.

  27. ALLIED POWERS WAR STRATEGY

  28. 1914 • FIRST BATTLE OF THE MARNE • Germans had advanced to within 37 miles of Paris, France. • Schlieffen plan failed because of Belgium. Germans withdrew to a strong defensive position. • War on the Western Front settled into a STALEMATE due to TRENCH WARFARE • Neither side moved more than 10 miles in the next three years

  29. TRENCH WARFARE

  30. NO MAN’S LAND

  31. 1914 • AUGUST – BATTLE OF TANNENBURG • Eastern Front between Russia and Germany. • Disaster for the Russians • General von Hindenburg and General Ludenforff made famous. • By 1915 – Russia had lost 1 million dead and 900,000 prisoners. They were not trained or equipped properly.

  32. 1915 • April – Second Battle of Ypres • Germany introduced poison gas to warfare. • Total number of casualties from gas on both sides would reach 1 million with 79,000 killed.

  33. 1915 • MAY – SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA

  34. LUSITANIA • Germany’s submarine blockade of England resulted in the sinking of the Lusitania in May. • This event led to great tension between the United States and Germany. • 1,198 dead including 139 Americans

  35. LUSITANIA

  36. GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN • APRIL, 1915 TO JANUARY, 1916 • Plan of WINSTON CHURCHILL to knock Turkey out of the war. • British disaster with 50,000 troops killed • Turkish military leader MUSTAFA KEMAL would later rule Turkey as “ATATURK”.

  37. GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN

  38. 1916 • MAY – BATTLE OF JUTLAND • Only major naval battle of WWI. • German navy was outnumbered but inflicted heavy losses on the British fleet. • British fleet basically out for the rest of the war.

  39. BATTLE OF JUTLAND

  40. 1916 • BATTLE OF VERDUN (FEB-OCT) • Fought in France. • Longest and bloodiest battle of the war. • This battle killed almost 1 million men. • 542,000 French • 434 German

  41. 1916 • BATTLE OF THE SOMME (JULY-NOV) • The British attacked with an advantage of 6:1. • Highest casualty rate in one day of both world wars. • 60,000 men killed in the first day of battle. • The British introduced the tank in battle. • Casualties: • 500,000 German • 400,000 British • 200,000 French • Net Gain: 7 miles

  42. 1917Year of Disasters for the Allies • Germany began Unrestricted Submarine Warfare. • German blockade of England. (Starve them out) • Convoy System – protection of ships to deliver supplies to England. • Hindenburg Line established – a series of trenches across northern France.

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