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Cell membrane : receives messages from other cells

Cell membrane : receives messages from other cells Separates interior material from outside environment Selectively permeable (only certain things can move in an out). A phospholipid is a molecule composed of three basic parts: A charged phosphate group Glycerol two fatty acid chains.

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Cell membrane : receives messages from other cells

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  1. Cell membrane: receives messages from other cells • Separates interior material from outside environment • Selectively permeable (only certain things can move in an out)

  2. A phospholipid is a molecule composed of three basic parts: • A charged phosphate group • Glycerol • two fatty acid chains

  3. Head • The head is polar • interacts with water • Hydrophilic • Attracted to water • The tail is non-polar • repelled by water • hydrophobic • Attracted to other tails Tail

  4. carbohydrate chain protein cell membrane cholesterol protein protein channel *Phospholipids arrange themselves like a sandwich into two layers. • Contain: • Proteins • Cholesterol • Carbohydrates

  5. carbohydrate chain protein cholesterol protein protein channel

  6. The cell membrane is selectively permeable. *Draw a picture on the bottom of pg. 30 Some molecules can cross the membrane while others cannot.

  7. Homologous Chromosomes • Homologous chromosomes are very similar to one another • Carry the same genes • One from Mom • One from Dad

  8. Crossing over during meiosis increases genetic diversity. • Crossing over is the exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes. • occurs during prophase I of meiosis I • results in new combinations of genes

  9. Meiosis has 2 cell divisions • Results in 4 unique haploid cells 1 2

  10. 6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis • You have two types of specialized cells: Somatic cells andGerm cells Will become…

  11. 6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis • Germ cells- are the cells in your reproductive organs • located in the ovaries and testes • Develop into gametes

  12. 6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis • Gametes are sex cells: egg and sperm • Both have DNA that can be passed to offspring. Egg Sperm

  13. 6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis • Gametes are Haploid (n) cells have one copy of every chromosome. • Have 22 autosomes + 1 sex chromosome = 23 chromosomes each 23 23

  14. 6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis • Undergo meiosis • Cells in reproductive organs (ovaries/testies) • Become gametes (sperm/eggs) • Haploid • 23 chromosomes • Each are Unique • Undergo mitosis • body cells • Diploid • 46 chromosomes • Identical to parent cell • You have two types of specialized cells: Somatic cells Germ cells

  15. 6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis • You have two types of chromosomes: Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes

  16. 6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis • Chromosome pairs 1-22 are called autosomes • Contain genes not directly related to your gender

  17. 6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis • Pair #23=Sex chromosomes: X and Y • determine gender • Control the development of sexual characteristics XX= female XY= male XX XY

  18. 6.3 Mendel and Heredity • Mendel observed patterns in the first and second generations of his crosses.

  19. purple white 6.3 Mendel and Heredity • Mendel drew three important conclusions from his observations and experiments with pea plants • Traits are inherited as discrete units/ individually. (genes) • LAW OF SEGREGATION • 2. Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent. • 3. The two copies separate during gamete formation (Meiosis). Parent 1 Parent 2

  20. Experiments with dihybrid crosses (2 traits) led to Mendel’s second law, the law of independent assortment. • The law of independent assortment states that allele pairs separate independently of each other during meiosis. • Ex: • Hair color is inherited separately from eye color • Pea color is inherited separately from pea shape • Hair line inherited separately from earlobes

  21. hydrogen bond covalent bond 8.2 Structure of DNA Please draw and label a strand of DNA: 1. Phosphate 2. Deoxyribose sugar 3. Nitrogen bases: Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine 4. Backbone Pg. 62 in INB Pg. 230-233 in book

  22. Please answer the following genetics questions using a punnett square: 1. Let's say that in seals, the gene for the length of the whiskers has two alleles. The dominant allele (W) codes long whiskers & the recessive allele (w) codes for short whiskers. a) What percentage of offspring would be expected to have short whiskers from the cross of two long-whiskered seals, one that is homozygous dominant and one that is heterozygous? Genotype? Phenotype?b) If one parent seal is pure long-whiskered and the other is short-whiskered, what percent of offspring would have short whiskers? Genotype? Phenotype? 2. A green-leafed luboplant is crossed with a luboplant with yellow-striped leaves. The cross produces 185 green-leafed luboplants. Summarize the genotypes & phenotypes of the offspring that would be produced by crossing two of the green-leafed luboplants obtained from the initial parent plants. 3. In purple people eaters, one-horn is dominant and no horns is recessive. Draw a Punnet Square showing the cross of a purple people eater that is hybrid for horns with a purple people eater that does not have horns. Summarize the genotypes & phenotypes of the possible offspring.

  23. Please complete the translation/transcription comparison of primates: Transcription: DNA-----------RNA (ATCG) (AUCG) Practice:DNA:GAG AAA GTA CGT AGT CCA RNA: CUC UUU CAU GCA UCA GGU Translation: mRNA-----------Proteins (AUCG) (polypeptide chain- amino acids) Practice:RNA: CUC UUU CAU GCA UCA GGU Amino Acid: Leu Phe His Arg Leu Gly Chart on Pg. 244 in book

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