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GRAP 3175 Computer Applications for Drafting Unit II Computer Hardware

GRAP 3175 Computer Applications for Drafting Unit II Computer Hardware. Central Processing Unit (CPU) . Integrated Circuit (IC). Microchip or Chip One complete electronic (semiconductor) circuit on a piece of silicon. Central Processing Unit (CPU). Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

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GRAP 3175 Computer Applications for Drafting Unit II Computer Hardware

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  1. GRAP 3175Computer Applications for DraftingUnit IIComputer Hardware

  2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

  3. Integrated Circuit (IC) • Microchip or Chip • One complete electronic (semiconductor) circuit on a piece of silicon.

  4. Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) • Control Unit • Main Memory Unit

  5. Microprocessor • CPU of a microcomputer • 1.5 GHz Pentium 4 • 733 Mhz PowerPC G4 • Motherboard

  6. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) • Arithmetic functions • addition, subtraction, multiplication & division • Logarithms, trigonometry, etc. • Logic function • Numbers or conditions are compared • Greater than, less than, equal to, etc.

  7. Control Unit • The “traffic cop” of the system • System clock

  8. Main Memory Unit • Internal memory of a computer • Writing - entering data into main memory • Reading - retrieving data

  9. Random Access Memory (RAM) • Read-write • Volatile • DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM

  10. Read-only Memory (ROM) • Read Only • Info. to start computer • Nonvolatile • PROM • EPROM • Flash memory

  11. RAM & ROM at Work

  12. RAM • On motherboard • RAM chips (64KB, 256KB, etc.) • SIMMS, DIMMS, RIMMS(256KB - 512MB) • RAM card

  13. CACHE Memory • 512 KB • 1 MB

  14. Communication Pathways • Bus • Data Bus • Bus Architecture • Open Architecture • Types of buses • ISA, PCI, SCSI, USB, etc

  15. CPU at WorkExecuting an Instruction • Instruction Cycle • Fetch • Decode • Execution Cycle • Execute instruction • Place results in memory

  16. Data RepresentationOverview • Binary System -- 1s and 0s • High-voltage state (on) • Low-voltage state (off) • Number 0 -- 011 0000 • Number 1 -- 011 0001 • Letter D -- 100 0100

  17. Bits & Bytes • Bit • Byte -- basic unit of measure for memory • nibble • Kilobyte (KB) -- 1024 bytes • 210 vs 103 • Megabyte (MB) -- 1,048,576 • Gigabyte (GB) -- 1,073,741,824 • Terabytes (TB) -- 1,099,511,628,000

  18. Computer Words • The number of adjacent bits that can be stored & manipulated as a unit. • 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 bit • Size of register • Data Bus • 64 / 32

  19. Encoding Systems • Alphanumeric characters • Alpha • Numeric • ASCII -- 7 bit • American Standard Code for Information Exchange • ANSI -- 8 bit • American National Standards Institute • Unicode -- 16 bit

  20. Processing Speed • MHz, MIPS, & FLOPS • Nanoseconds - billionths of a second • Factors • Clock speed • Memory type • Instruction set • Data bus width • Microprocessor • Other support chips / expansion cards

  21. Clock Speed • Megahertz (MHz) -- 1 million cycles per second • Apple IIe -- 2 MHz • Pentium III -- 733 MHz -1.0 MHz, • Pentium 4 -- 1.0 - 1.5 GHz

  22. Microprocessor • 4004 -- contained 2,300 transistors • 6502 -- Apple IIe • 8088 -- IBM PC • 80286 -- 130,000 -- IBM AT • 80386 -- 275,000 • 80486 -- 1.2 million • Pentium - 3.1 million

  23. Other Chips / Expansion Cards • Math-coprocessor • Video card

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