Contents

1. FC-DISTRICT: An evaluation of energy saving potentials for districts served by distributed micro-cogeneration units” Maria Founti

2. Contents • Overview – Scope of FC-DISTRICT project • Description of FC-DISRICT system • Demonstration site • Energy saving and environmental assessment Maria Founti

3. FC-DISTRICT: Overview New µ-CHP network technologies for energy efficient and sustainable districts • Project Coordinator: Mostostal Warszawa S.A. (Poland) • Work programme topic addressed: EeB.NMP.2010-2 New technologies for energy efficiency at district level • Technical Coordinator: National Technical University of Athens (NTUA-Greece) • 22 partners from 11 European countries • Duration: 4 years (starting date: 01.09.2010) • Total budget: 11,837,575 € (funding 8,000,000 €) Maria Founti

4. FC-DISTRICT: Consortium Maria Founti

5. FC-DISTRICT: Concept FC-DISTRICT optimizes and implements an innovative energy production and distribution concept for sustainable and energy efficient districts exploiting decentralized co-generation coupled with optimized building and district heat storage and distribution network targeting reduction in annual primary energy consumption at district level up to 60%. It introduces a new paradigm in energy efficiency by developing systems, materials, technologies and methodologies specifically intended for integration at district level. Maria Founti

6. FC-DISTRICT: Main objectives Development of new products/solutions: • Micro-CHP System based on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) • Innovative method for food waste exploitation • External Thermal Insulation Component Systems (ETICS) • District heating pipe with improved insulation • Wireless/hybrid communication network Integration of the new products into one solution for district – FC-DISTRICT system – optimizing and tailoring the characteristics of the energy and power distribution systems to meet the energy and power demand of various building and district typologies. Validation of the system by means of real scale demonstrations. Maria Founti

7. Innovative features of FC-DISTRICT system • Prefabricated External Thermal Insulation Composite System for retrofitted buildings, • Highly efficient energy production in micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cell units, • Flexibility of heat and electricity production, • Dynamic and efficient heat transportation between buildings, • Usage of renewables (mixture of natural and biogas), • Wireless managment and control system optimizing district energy consumption. Maria Founti

8. ETICS: Technical specifications • Prefabricated sandwich EPS-Vacuum Insulation Panels • Adhesive and basecoat mortar for application without reinforcing mesh. • Accessories: hammer dowel with plastic steel nail, free of thermal bridges • Installation procedure: Maria Founti

9. External insulation systemsfor retrofitting and new buildings The new ETICS allows a rapid modernization of an existing buildings to improve their energy efficiency, by increasing the insulation performance of a building envelope, thereby reducing heat demand for heating purposes. Implementation of the new ETICS allows to adjust the building's energy demand for cooperation with a µ-CHP units. Maria Founti

10. m-CHP based on high temperature SOFC Micro-co-generation systems, producing both heat and electricity in a certain ratio to each other, provide potential reductions in carbon emissions and costs by generating both heat and electricity locally with efficient fuel use and by offsetting the use of centrally-generated electricity from the grid. Maria Founti

11. SOFC unit prototype • FC-District SOFC system model was presented at HANNOVER MESSE, April 4-8 2011. Maria Founti

12. Building fitted with µ-CHP energy sources Implementation of the µ-CHP unit into the building enables efficient heat and electricity production in cogeneration. Because the energy is produced at the place of consumption with option of transfering it to the network, the heat loses are minimized and the overall system efficiency is lifted up. Maria Founti

13. New district heating piping solution Developed piping solution enables reduction of heat loses on energy transportation between FC-DISTRICT buildings, as well as it reduces the time needed to execute construction works. In consequence the overall system energy efficiency is higher and it significantly contributes to the profitability of using FC-DISTRICT system solutions. Maria Founti

14. Dynamic heat exchangebetween building and district The hydraulic layout of the FC-DISTRICT system enables it, to dynamically transfer energy from one building to another with minimum energy loses. The developed solution makes the system integrate perfectly within an area of different type of buildings, with different characteristics of heat consumption. Therefore district is becoming more independent and even more reliable. Maria Founti

15. Communication needed for control The conventional approach to sensory networks assumes a homogeneous network infrastructure whereas most real-life scenarios are based upon the use of hybrid networks. This creates a number of issues related to the reliability of the received data, localization and remote calibration of the sensors and provision of the same quality of service to wireless and wired sensor nodes. A prototype hybrid network has been developed and implemented. Maria Founti

16. Management at district level Management and control system implemented in the FC-DISTRICT solution enables to manage and optimize operation of the energy production and distribution within the local network, so the whole system works in the most efficient way. Also in case of any emergency, it lets the district manager know what is the problem and enables quick reaction. Additional advantage of the FC-DISTRICT solution is wireless comunication between buildings and district manager office. Maria Founti

17. Scope of district scale demo in Poland Real scale demonstration of FC-DISTRICT system in Poland Features of FC-DISTRICT system covered New district heating piping solution Dynamic heat exchange between building and district External insulation systems for retrofitting and new buildings Building fitted with SOFC energy sources Management at district level Items needed to demonstrate a feature exchange of existing old district heating piping with newly developed pipes performance of new isolated district heating system connecting 3 buildings performance of external walls in one building installation of 3 SOFC units in 3 buildings performance of wireless hybrid communication solution monitoring system implementation of control algorythms adaptation of boiler room Maria Founti

18. FC-DISTRICT:Main demonstration site – Mory, Warsaw-Poland Maria Founti

19. Real scale demonstration of the system micro-CHP units local (isolated) district heating wireless/hybrid communication Maria Founti

20. External insulation systemsfor retrofitting and new buildings Maria Founti

21. Building fitted with µ-CHP energy sources Maria Founti

22. New district heating piping solution Maria Founti

23. Dynamic heat exchangebetween building and district Maria Founti

24. Dynamic heat exchangebetween building and district Maria Founti

25. Decision support for FC-DISTRICT system acceptance: Environmental and Energy Assessment • Overall Scope: • Estimation of the Life Cycle environmental impacts – abatement potentials. • Assessment of issues regarding necessary infrastructure/conditions in which the FC-District concept is expected to be implemented: • Development of a decision support framework, considering subjective attitudes from stakeholders Maria Founti

26. Energy and Environmental Assessment • Energy and Life cycle model (raw materials + manufacturing + operation) of the FC-District concept system: • Energy Assessment for various types of districts (input for life cycle models) • Comparison to a conventional life cycle model • Examination of two district types (residential, financial center) • Examination of two operation strategies (full scale, modulating) • Incorporating the environmental impact associated to the construction of the district heat network • Calculation of additional environmental indices Maria Founti

27. Environmental assessment highlights Heat Demand Side Operating Strategies Heat Supply Side Maria Founti 27

28. Environmental assessment highlights Overall scheme of modelling and simulation methodology • Simulation algorithm in MATLAB environment • Output is processed in SimaPRO 7.3 LCA software  LC Impact indices Maria Founti 28

29. DEPOSIT: Heat Supply side Modeling • Input data – assumptions: • Occupancy profiles • Thermal characteristics of building types • District composition Dimitrios Giannopoulos Maria Founti • MATLAB based • Data: Trnsys 17 • Sum of hourly values of the 4 building types • District: • Single family houses • Multifamily houses • Hotels • Offices

30. Energy assessment highlights Simulation results: Annual district energy balance Reference Case m-CHP Case Maria Founti 30

31. DEPOSIT: m-CHP operating strategies Scenario 1: Stable (at full output with a shutdown summer period). • Excess heat is stored in the buffer tanks. If the thermal demand exceeds the thermal output, the storage tank is checked if heat is available. • The remaining demand after the buffer tank contribution is covered by backup boilers in the district. Units shut down only in the summer period. • 3 individual unit groups, with 3 shut-down periods respectively. Maria Founti

32. DEPOSIT: m-CHP operating strategies Scenario 2: Intermittentm-CHP operation(individual control of the m-CHP units with shutdowns according to achieving the minimum primary energy at the next timestep). • Units can be shut down (or ramped down if shutdown is not an option), if demand is too low. • Units can be divided into 3 main groups. • The first two groups can be switched on and off or modulated simultaneously with no option of individual control. • The third group can individually control its units. Units can be shut down with a 10% resolution. If the demand is very low, resolution increases up to 1% of the units to follow the demand. In the current simulations are units are assigned to group 3. • The strategy in this scenario can be described as heat and primary energy following. Then the algorithm determines how many units shall operate at this timestep to minimize primary energy. Maria Founti

33. DEPOSIT: m-CHP operating strategies Scenario 3: Intermittent m-CHP operation with demand forecasting (7 hour optimization) • Same as Scen2, but operation changes according to forecasting • Heat demand for the following 6 timesteps is foreseen . Primary energy factor is also foreseen for the 7th timestep ahead. • Matlab neural network toolbox is used for the forecasting, with parameters such as historical data (previous values), weather forecast data etc. • Goal is to reduce the primary energy consumed in the 7hour period. Decision strategy Maria Founti

34. DEPOSIT: Representative Results Hourly residential district heat demand and supply frequency for operation scenarios 2 and 3 Maria Founti

35. Environmental assessment highlights Simulation results: Annual district energy balance (modul. oper.) Residential Financial center • Financial Center district: 3 times more heat intensive than residential • Less mCHP contribution due to installation space limitations • No storage loss, but no storage contribution in financial district!  Little fluctuation in district heat demand Maria Founti 35

36. Environmental assessment highlights Comparative LCA results: Reference vs mCHP case - Residential district • Significant contribution of Natural Gas supply chain • Contribution of materials – manufacturing is significant only in terms of noxious emissions (Acidification potential index)  Nickel production (required for SOFCs) is NOx intensive! • All electricity production displaces equal amount of centrally produced electricity (German el. mix). Maria Founti 36

37. Environmental assessment highlights Comparative LCA results: Reference vs mCHP case - Residential district • Small reduction in GWP (from 51 to 46%) and Fossil Fuel (from 7 to 5%) savings, due to the incorporation of heat network construction • The acidification potential is actually increased, due to NOx indirectly emitted during Ni production Maria Founti 37

38. Environmental assessment highlights Comparative LCA results: Reference vs mCHP case - Residential district • Results are highly sensitive to the CO2 “load” of grid kWh! • Assuming identical thermal loads and districts in three European countries with extremely different grid electricity production mix • Very little chance to achieve CO2 savings in Norway, however in Poland situation is quite the opposite. Maria Founti 38

39. Environmental assessment highlights Comparative LCA results: Reference vs mCHP case – Financial district • Small reduction in GWP (from 26 to 25%) and Fossil Fuel (from 7.3 to 7.1%) savings, due to the incorporation of heat network construction • The acidification potential is reduced, due to the less contribution of mCHP (installation space limitation in office buildings) Maria Founti 39

40. Environmental assessment highlights Comparative LCA results: Reference vs mCHP case – Financial district • Results are highly sensitive to the CO2 “load” of grid kWh! • Assuming identical thermal loads and districts in three European countries with extremely different grid electricity production mix • Less extreme differences than the residential district, due to lower mCHP contribution. Maria Founti 40

41. Environmental assessment highlights • Conclusions: • The environmental advantage and fossil energy saving of the mCHP case is realised through avoiding emissions when the m-CHP electricity displaces central generation. • However: All m-CHP generation is assumed to displace central generation No confidence exists in estimating how “dirty” is the grid kWh at any specific moment • The acidification potential may be indirectly boosted in the m-CHP case, due to NOx emissions during Ni production. Maria Founti 41

42. Web site http://www.fc-district.eu/ Thank you for your attention Maria Founti