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LE CORBUSIER. INTRODUCTION. CHARLES EDOUARD JEANNERET NOW POPULARLY KNOWN AS LE CORBUSIER BORN ON 6 th OF OCTOBER’ 1887 AT LA CHAUX DE FONDS IN SWISSJURA MOUNTAINS 4 KMS FROM FRENCH BORDER HE STARTED WORKING UNDER CONTRACTER PERRET, LE CORBUSIER’S SO CALLED MASTER
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INTRODUCTION • CHARLES EDOUARD JEANNERET NOW POPULARLY KNOWN AS LE CORBUSIER • BORN ON 6th OF OCTOBER’ 1887 AT LA CHAUX DE FONDS IN SWISSJURA MOUNTAINS 4 KMS FROM FRENCH BORDER • HE STARTED WORKING UNDER CONTRACTER PERRET, LE CORBUSIER’S SO CALLED MASTER • HE AS A CHILD PREPARED HIMSELF FOR A MANUAL OCCUPATION • HE LEFT HIS SCHOOL AT THE AGE OF 13½ YRS • JOINED AN ART SCHOOL LATER
IDEOLOGY • THE PILOTIS • ROOF GARDEN • FREE FLOOR PLAN • ELONGATED WINDOW • FREE FACADE
THE PILOTIS • PILOTIS MEANS COLUMNS • IT HELPED TO REDEFINE THE HOUSE AS A MATTER OF FORM AND FUNCTION • REINFORCED CONCRETE GAVE US THE PILOTIS • IT RAISED THE BUILDING IN THE AIR, FAR FROM THE SOIL, WITH GARDENS STRETCHING BENEATH THE BUILDING • FOR E.G VILLA SAVOYE,POISSY IN FRANCE IN 1929 • PILOTIS USUALLY SERVED AS AN ELEMENT OF DRAMATIZATION AND VISUAL ISOLATION PILOTIS
THE ROOF GARDEN • USUALLY KNOWN AS HANGING GARDEN • FIRST REALIZATION OF THIS IDEA WAS IN THE SMALL HOUSE THAT THE ARCHITECT BUILT FOR HIS PARENTS ON LAKE GENEVA IN 1923 IS DESCRIBED IN A HYMNAL TONE • REINFORCED CONCRETE MADE THE STRUCTURALLY HOMOGENOUS ROOF POSSIBLE • REASON OF TECHNIQUE, ECONOMY AND COMFORT LEAD TO THE ADOPTION OF THE ROOF TERRACE AND THE ROOF GARDEN • THE ROOF GARDEN OFTEN EQUIPPED FOR SPORTS, EMULATES THE ‘CONDITION OF NATURE’ IN HUMAN HABITAT ROOF GARDEN
THE FLOOR PLAN • REINFORCED CONCRETE BROUGHT THE INNOVATION OF THE FREE PLAN IN WHICH THE INTERIORS WERE NO LONGER THE RIGIDLY DETERMINED BY THE STRUCTURAL WALLS , THEY HAD BECOME FREE • IN PARIS, THE PRINCIPLE HAD BEEN BEAUTIFULLY DEMONSTRATED BY PERRET’S APARTMENT HOUSE • LE CORBUISER SUGGESTED A COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE OF STRUCTURAL SUPPORT ARCHITECTURAL “INFILL” • HE USED SLIDING WALLS THAT DIVIDED THE LIVING ROOM INTO THREE BEDROOMS AT NIGHT
THE ELONGATED WINDOW • LE CORBUSIER’S OBSESSION WITH THE FORM OF THE FACADE LONG WINDOWS THAT IS TOTALLY INDEPENDENY OF STRUCTURE • ITS NO SURPRISE THAT THE ARCHITECT ONCE AGAIN PRODUCED A SCIENTIFIC DEMONSTRATION IN ORDER TO PROVE THE SUPERIORITY OF THE NEW WINDOW TYPE • FOR EXAMPLE , ON AN INTIMATE SCALE ON THE UPPER FLOOR OF THE VILLA VAUCRESSON AND IN THE JEANNERET HOUSE ON LAKE GENEVA ELONGATED WINDOW
THE FREE FACADE • PILLARS RETREATED FROM THE FACADE TO THE INSIDE OF THE HOUSE I.E THE FACADE BECAME NO MORE THAN LIGHT MEMBRANE • CONSIST OF ISOLATING EALLS OR WINDOWS • FACADE WAS NOW FREE AND THE WINDOWS COULD EXTEND WITHOUT INTERRUPTION FRON ONE END TO THE OTHER THE REAL MOTIVATION FOR IT WAS LE CORBUSIER’S URGE TO BRING HIS OLYMPIAN STATEMENTS TO THE NUMBER FIVE
THE MODULAR • THE MODULAR WAS A SYSTEM OF PROPORTIONINGWORKED OUT BY LE CORBUSIERESSENTIALLY THE MODULAR IS A SERIES OF PROPORTIONS NOT UNLIKE THE GOLDEN SECTION USED BY ANCIENT GREEKS. BASED ON THE MEASUREMENTS OF A SIX- FOOT MAN IN VARIOUS POSITIONS, STANDING , SITTING, LYING DOWN ETC. TWO SERIES OF MEASUREMENTS WERE DEVELOPED, THE ONE DERIVED FROM A STANDING FIGURE, THE OTHER FROM A FIGURE WITH AN ARM UPRAISED.
THE MODULAR WAS BOTH A MODULE OF MEASUREMENT AND OF SCALE;IN ADDITION IT PROVIDES A MEANS OF RELATING MEASUREMENTS IN FEETAND INCHES TO THOSE OF THE METRIC SYSTEM. • ‘THE MODULAR’ , LE CORBUSIER WROTE, IS A MEASURING TOOL BASED ON THE HUMAN BODY AND ON MATHEMATICS. A MAN WITH AN ARM UPRAISED PROVIDES, AT THE DETERMINING POINTS OF HIS OCCUPATION OF SPACE- FOOT, SOLAR PLEXUS, HEAD, TIPS OF FINGERS OF THE UPRAISED ARM- THREE INTERVALS WHICH GIVE RISE TO A SERIES OF GOLDEN SECTIONS CALLED THE FIBNACCI SERIES.
VILLA SAVOYE,POISSY- FRANCE 1929-31 • VILLA SAVOYE IS RELATED TO THE WHOLE RANGE OF LE CORBUSIER’S ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING • IT IS SITUATED ON SMOOTHLY SLOPING HILL TOP IN MIDST OF FIELDS • IT ILLUSTRATES WITH EXTREME CLARITY AND IS PERHAPS THE MOST FAITHFUL IN ITS OBSERVATION OF HI FIVE POINTS I.E PILOTIS, ROOF GARDEN, FREE FLOOR PLAN , ELONGATED WINDOW, AND FREE FAÇADE • PALLADIAN GRID IS FOLLOWED • GOLDEN PROPOTIONS ARE ANALYSED • COLUMNS OF THE BUILDINGS ARE DEFINED BY A SYSTEM OF WALLS INDEPENDENT OF STRUCTURE • ENTRY TO THE PROPERTY IS THROUGH A GATE AT ONE END OF HIGHSTONE WALL
TURNING RADIUS OF THE CAR FORMING SEMI CIRCULAR RECEPTION HALL VIEW FROM INSIDE VIEW FROM OUTSIDE
THERE IS SMALL GATE KEEPER’S LODGE AT THE ENTRANCE THE MAIN PORTION OF THE HOUSE IS RAISED ON THE COLUMNS WHICH ARE SET ON GRASS PLANE SECOND LEVEL WITH OPEN GARDEN TERRACE, AS THE EXTENTION OF THE MAIN ROOMS OF THE HOUSE IS LIFTED UPON COLUMNS LIVING AREA OPENS ON THE SOUTH TO THE GARDEN THROUGH LARGE FLOOR TO CEILING SLIDING GLASS DOORS GROUND FLOOR IS A PERFECT SQAURE AND IS DEFINED AS ZONE OF MOTION THE MINIMUM TURNING RADIUS OF AN AUTOMOBILE DETERMINED THE RADIUS OF THE SEMI CIRCULAR GROUND FLOOR THAT CONTAINS AN ELEGANT RECEPTION HALL, GARAGE AND THE SERVANT QUARTERS
ROOF GARDEN SECOND LEVEL WITH ROOF GARDEN LIVING AREA ABOUT 1/3RD OF THE SPACE IS OCCUPIED BY THE ROOF TERRACE
FROM THE HALL A TWO STAGE RAMP LEAD UP INTO THE LIVING AREA ROOMS ARE ARRANGED IN L- SHAPED ABOUT 1/3RD OF THE SURFACE AREA IS OCCUPIED BY AN OPEN TERRACE ENCLOSED BY THE WALL OF THE HOUSE CORNER TO CORNER SLITS OF THE ELONGATED WINDOWS OFFERED A VIEW OF THE DISTANTS LANDSCAPE THE MOST STRIKING FEATURE OF THE VILLA IS RAMP WHICH LEAD A SIMPLE WALK ON THE TERRACE
ELONGATED WINDOWS LIVING ROOM OPENING TOWARDS TERRACE (INTERIORS) RAMP TOWARDS TERRACE
1930-32,SWISS STUDENTS HOSTEL, 7 BOULEVARD JOURDAN,CITE UNIVERSITAIRE,PARIS 13E
1930-32,SWISS STUDENTS HOSTEL, 7 BOULEVARD JOURDAN,CITE UNIVERSITAIRE,PARIS 13E • LECORBUSIER ENCOUNTERED MANY DIFFICULTIES IN WORKING WITH THE COMMITTEE AS A CLIENT,HENCE THIS ACCOUNTED FOR MANY OF THE ODD FEATURES OF THIS BUILDING. • IT MARKS A NEW PHASE IN HIS WORK. • THERE WERE DIFFICULTIES IN FINDING FIRM SOIL FOR THE FOUNDATION. • PILOTIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE WERE USED,WAS LEFT BARE WITH SHUTTERING MARKS DISPLAYED. • THE SUPER-STRUCTURE WAS OF STEEL. • THE CURVED WALL OF THE COMMON ROOM WAS OF RANDOM RUBBLE.
1955 Mrs MANORAMA SARABHAI’S HOUSE, AHMEDABAD, INDIA • THE HOUSE WAS SITED AND DESIGNED TO CATCH THE WINDS IN SUMMER, BUT TO BE PENETRATED BY THE SUN IN WINTER. • THE STRUCTURE, ROUGH BRICK WALLS COATED WITH WHITE, SUPPORTING CONCRETE BEAMS AND, CONSISTING OF VAULTS. • CRADLE VAULTS OF FLAT TILES SET IN PLASTER WITHOUT FORMWORK COUPLED WITH A ROW OF BRICKS CAST ROUGHLY IN CEMENT.
1956 SHODHAN HOUSE, AHMEDABAD,INDIA • THE SIMPLE STRUCTURE IS OF EXPOSED REINFORCED CONCRETE. • THE SHUTTERING FOR THE WALLS AND VERTICAL SURFACES BEING OF TIMBER, THAT FOR THE CEILINGS OF METAL SHEETING. • THE CEILINGS AND A FEW OTHER SELECTED AREAS WERE TO HAVE BEEN BRIGHTLY PAINTED. • A CHARATERISTIC ELEMENT IS THE RAMP WHICH LEADS TO THE MEZZANINE AND TO THE MAIN LEVEL. • THE ACCOMODATION ARE DISPOSED IN THE SPACE OF A ‘HANGING GARDEN’ ON SEVERAL LEVELS CONSTITUTING 3 APARTMENTS, SEPARATE AND YET IN CONTACT WITH ONE ANOTHER.
UNITE D’ HABITATION • IT WAS THE TIME WHEN EUROPE WAS RISING FROM THE SMOULDERING FUNERAL PYRE OF AND ITS NEWLY LIBERATED PEOPLE WERE TO ESTABLISH SOME PROGRAMME DIRECTION OF NEW LIFE • LE CORBUSIER HAD A REVOLUTIONARY EVENT, SUN, SPACE AND GREENERY WAS DEVELOPED HERE. • TO UNDERSTAND THE CHANGE OF MIND OF YHE PEOPLE AROUND • IT WAS LE CORBUSIER’S BEST CONTRIBUTION TO A MODERN TYPOLOGY OF SOCIAL HOUSING • THE BUILDING US SITUATED ON 9 ACRE SITE ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF MARSEILLE • IT HAS AN EAST WEST ORIENTATION • IT IS 450’ LONG, 80’ WIDE AMD 185’ HIGH • IT FOLLOOWS THE THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF LE CORBUSIER’S LOGIC OF CONSTRUCTION • 4 LIFTS EACH WITH A CAPACITY OF 20 TRAVELLING WITH A SPEED AT 40 FT PER SECOND.
IT HAS SKELETON OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND REST ON POWERFUL PILLARS WHICH LEAVS THE GROUND FREE ALL PIPING PASSES THROUGH THESE PILLARS (PILOTIS) ALL APARTMENTS ARE BUILT IN TWO LEVELS THE NORTHEN FAÇADE IS BLANK, WHILE THE OTHER FACADES ARE ANIMATED WITH GLASS WALLS AND SUNBREAK LOGGIAS OF LIVING AREA THE PLAN IS NOT COMPLETELY FREE ; THE PARTITION WALLS BETWEEN THE APARTMENTS ARE LOAD BEARING STRONG SOUND PROOFING BETWEEN APARTMENTS IT IS 9 STOREYS HIGH THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO TWENTY THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF APARTMENTS 337 APARTMENTS IN ALL RECREATIONAL ROOMS ARE ON THE ROOF
GLASS WALL OF 12’ X 16’ DOUBLE HEIGHT BALCONIES TOO DOUBLE HEIGHT LIVING ROOM WITH GLASS WALL HUGE PILOTIS LEAVING THE GROUND FREE CONCRETE AS NOBLE MATERIAL
THE LIVING ROOM HAS DOUBLE HEIGHT OF 16’ AND GLASS WALL OF 12’ X 16’ OTHER ROOMS ARE 8’ HIGH THE TERRACE ROOF HAS BEEN PROVIDED WITH NUMBER OF FACILITIES FOR COLLECTIVE USE : DAY NURSERY, KINDERGARTEN, GYMNASIUM FOR ADULTS , OPEN AIR THEATER,AND THREE HUNDRED METER RACE TRACK CONCRETE IS USED AS NOBLE MATERIAL FEW DISADVANTAGES OF THIS BUILDING ARE AS FOLLOW: THE FOREST OF PILOTIS ON THE GROUND FLOOR IS SIMPLY LUGUBRIOUS THE INDIVIDUAL CELLS ARE TOO NARROW SHOPPING STREET IS TOO LARGE COMPARED TO THE SIZE OF BUILDING • HE IMLEMENTED MOST OF HIS RADICAL IDEAS. • IT HAD A ROUGH CONCRETE FINISH TO THE COMPLEX.
ROOF NURSERY COLOURFUL WALLS IN BALCONIES OPEN TERRACE NARROW ROOMS ( 8’ HIGH ROOMS)
RONCHAMP • NOTRE-DAM-DU-HAUT IS SITUATED ON SOURTHEN FOOTHILLS OF THE VOSAGES • LE CORBUSIER TACKLED THE PROBLEM FIRST OF ALL AS A MATTER OF “PURE” SPACE • IN THIS CONTEXT, LE CORBUSIER HIMSELF SPOKE OF LANDSCAPE ACOUSTICS THUS CREATING AN ECHO IN THE HALL • THE FORM HE FINALLY CAME UP WITH EQUAL JUSTICE TO THE PRACTICLE PURPOSE OF SANCTUARY AND THE EVOCATIVE CHALLENGE OF THE LAND • IT IS COVERED WITH MUSHROOM SHAPED ROOF • FOLLOWING THE SHAPE OF HILL , THE NAVE OF THE CHURCH IS INCLINED TOWARDS EAST • THE ROOF IS INDEPENDENT OF WALLS • A THIN STRIP OF DAYLIGHT IS REVEALED BETWEEN THE CHAPEL WALLS AND THE ROOF • IT CREATS A STRONG TENSION BETWEEN THE INDOORS AND OUT DOORS
THE MAIN HALL HAS A CAPACITY OF 200 PEOPLE IT WAS THIS CHPEL THAT HE FIRST FORMULATED THE IDEA ARCHITECTURALLY IN THE FORM OF PERISCOPE LIGHT SHAFTS CAPTURING THE SUNLIGHT AND SPILLING IT OVER THE ALTARS OF THE THREE SIDED CHAPEL HE PLAYED WITH MASS AND VOID ON THE EXTERIORS OF THE WALLS MASS VOID APPEARANCE
IRREGULAR VOIDS INTERIOR OF THE CHAPEL
1954 MILLOWNERS’ ASSOCIATION, AHMEDABAD, INDIA • IS THE HEADQUATERS OF ONE OF THE MOST PROMINENT OF INDIAN COTTON MILLOWNERS’ ASSOCIATIONS. • THE BUILDING WAS REQUIRED TO BE BOTH AN ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER AND A MEETING AND A CEREMONIAL CENTER. • IT SERVERS AS A SORT OF CLUB, THE SOCIAL RITUAL OF ITS MEMBERS IS STRONGLY EXPRESSED IN ITS DESIGN. • CLIMATE CONTROL WAS TAKEN IN CONSIDERATON AND THERE WAS EXPRESSION OF MATERIALS. • THE EAST AND WEST FACADES, OF ROUGH-SHUTTERED EXPOSED CONCRETE ARE MADE UP OF SUN-BREAKERS, CAREFULLY DESIGNED TO SHIELD THE INTERIOR. • THE NORTH AND SOUTH SIDES, ALMOST UNBROKEN ARE OF ROUGH BRICKWORK.
VIEW FROM 3RD FLOOR LEVEL LOOKING EAST OVER THE RIVER SUN BREAKERS
THE INTERIOR ARRANGEMENTS TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE OF PREVAILING WINDS. • THE ROOF IS USED TOGETHER WITH BAR FOR EVENING ENTERTAINMENT. • THE ASSEMBLY HALL IS CONSTRUCTED OF DOUBLE THIN BRICK WALLS PANELLED IN WOOD. • EITHER RANDOM OR CONCRETE SEATING 2 VERTICAL TAPESTRIES ARE SUSPENDED FROM THE CEILING FOR ACOUSTICAL PURPOSES. • THE HALL IS INDIRECTLY LIGHTED BY REFLECTIONS FROM THE CURVED CEILING, WHICH IN TURN IS KEPT COOL BY 2 GARDENS AND A WATER BASIN ON THE ROOF.
CIRCULATION • FROM THE LOWEST LEVEL TO THE ROOF 2 ELEVATORS SERVE ALL THE FLOORS. • A LONG RAMP PROVIDES PEDESTRIAN ACCESS FROM THE MAIN OFFICE TO THE PARKING LOT. • THE FLOORING IS OF DELHI STONE AND ALSO SERVES AS A STONE TAPESTRY.
1954-57 MUSEUM, AHMEDABAD,INDIA • THE MUSEUM IS ON PILOTIS THROUGH WHICH THE BUILDING IS ENTERED INTO AN OPEN COURT FROM WHICH A RAMP, SIMILARLY OPENED TO THE SKY, LEADS TO THE EXHIBITION LEVELS. • ONE ENTERS THE MAIN LEVEL IN A NAVE OF SPIRAL SQUARES 14 METERS WIDE, CONSISTING OF 7*7m STRUCTURAL BAYS. • PRECAUTIONS ARE TAKEN AGAINST THE EXCESSIVE TEMPERATURE OF THE DAY. • ROOF CONSISTS OF 45 BASINS OF 50 sq m EACH , ALL FILLED WITH WATER TO A DEPTH OF 40cm. THIS WATER IS PROTECTED FROM THE TORRID SUN BY THE SHADE OF THICK VEGETATION.THE WATER OF THESE BASINS IS NOURISHED BY A SPECIAL POWDER WHICH INCLUDES ENORMOUS GROWTH, FAR BEYOND NORMAL PLANT SIZE.
THE SPACE FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION EXTENDS UNDER THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF THE CEILING WHICH IS PLACED IN SHADOW, AGAINST THE EFFECT OF THE SUN. • THE ILLUMINATION HAS BECOME AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE MUSEUM’S IMPRESSION ON THE VISITOR . • THE BUILDING HAS LOW HT. PILOTIS , THE TOP OF WHICH ARE 3.40m ABOVE GROUND LEVEL, WITH A FREE PASSAGE BETWEEN PILOTIS OF 2.5m. • THE INTERIOR SURFACES OF THE EXTERIOR WALLS WILL BE OF WHITE PLASTER WHILE THE INTERIOR FACE OF THE WALLS AROUND THE COURT REMAINS IN UNSURFACED BRICK.
THE MUSEUM IS NOT LIMITED IN RESPECT TO GROWTH, AND THEREFORE THE 50*50m SIDES (2500sq m) CAN BE EXTENDED TO 84*84m(7000sq m) BY THE MEANS OF STANDARD ELEMENTS .
