1 / 40

Or both?!?

The Evolution of Nutrition From Cavemen to C onsumers : H ow the Human D iet H as E volved Created by Stephanie Smith. Or both?!?. So, why did I choose this topic you ask?. Previous interest in Atkins Diet Vegetarian for four years Controversy Paleo diet became popular

gloria
Download Presentation

Or both?!?

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Evolution of NutritionFrom Cavemen to Consumers: How the Human Diet Has Evolved Created by Stephanie Smith

  2. Or both?!?

  3. So, why did I choose this topic you ask? • Previous interest in Atkins Diet • Vegetarian for four years • Controversy • Paleo diet became popular • What are our bodies designed to eat? What is the perfect diet to make us live the longest?

  4. Presentation Outline • Basic Human Taxonomy • Timeline of Dietary Shifts • Geological Ages vs brain, weight and teeth • Impact of … • Carnivory • Fire • Tools • Agriculture

  5. Presentation Outline continued… • The Modern Paleo Diet • What is it? • Benefits • Gluten • Lactose • Vegetarians on Paleo Diet

  6. Opening Questions • First thing that comes to mind? • What is your opinion on the paleo diet?

  7. Before we get startedBasic Human Taxonomy • Hominid: Only humans and their closest relatives. Modern meaning now includes great apes and humans. Appearance of the first “true humans” was 2.5 million years ago. • Paleolithic Period (“Old Stone Age”) • Epipaleolithic Period (“Upper Paleolithic Age”) : includes late developments of hunter-gatherer traditions. • Mesolithic Period: Stone Age between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. Transition toward agriculture. • Neolithic Period (“New Stone Age”) Domestication

  8. Timeline of Dietary Shifts

  9. Timeline of Dietary Shifts

  10. Geological ages & brain size

  11. Geological ages & Body Weight

  12. Geological ages & Post-canine surface area

  13. Impact of Carnivory: More Energy, Less Food

  14. Impact of Carnivory • GI Tract: Humans have a smaller gut volume compared to body size • Brain Development: human brain metabolism is 20-25% of the resting metabolic rate while it is only 8-10% in other primate species • Food Supply Early Hominins 2.5 to 2 million years ago

  15. Carnivore vsHerbivore GI Tract • Complex gut • Long gut • Fermentation in stomach • Large cecum • Simple stomach • Short gut • Little undigested food is egested • Small or no cecum

  16. Non Carnivorous Claims • Carnivores have but humans do not have… • Sharp, pointed Teeth and claws for tearing into flesh of prey • A jaw that moves mostly up and down, with little lateral movement • A head shape that allows for the digging into prey animals • Ability to swallow food whole • Starch digesting enzymes

  17. Meant to be Omnivores • Feeding Behavior: hunting and gathering • Adaptive Behavior: tools • No fermenting vats like herbivores • Short canines and molars • GI tract: intermediate between carnivores and herbivores

  18. Impact of Fire: How Cooking Made Us Humans

  19. Impact of Fire • Why was it necessary? • Increases efficiency • What was its outcome? • Dentition: smaller molars • Easier on GI Tract • Increased Food Supply The Rise of Homo Sapiens 140,000-110,000 BC

  20. Impact of Advanced Tools: The Beginnings of Hunting and Food Processing

  21. Impact of Advanced Tools • Road to agriculture • Bow-and-arrow • Mortars and pestles • Domestication before cultivation • What was its outcome? • Added more variety • More meat • Grains • Increased Food Supply ”Mesolithic” Period 20,000BC to 9,000 BC Simple stone tools may have existed even before this time (2.5 mya)

  22. Hunter-gatherers

  23. Impact of Agriculture: The Domestication of Wild Grains

  24. Impact of Agriculture • Transition from hunter - gatherers to the domestication of crops and game • Popularity of Pastoralism: the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. Agricultural Revolution/ ”Neolithic Age” 10,000 BC

  25. Possible outcomes of Agriculture • Led to health conditions including: heart disease, high cholesterol, cancers, osteoporosis, obesity, depressed immune system, premature aging, and diabetes. • Micronutrient deficiencies: Grains can act as bulky fillers with less vitamins, minerals, carotenes, and flavonoids than fruits and vegetables. • Reduced quality of life: reduction of stature, increase in infant deaths, reduction in life span, increase in infectious diseases, increase in anemia, diseased bones, and tooth decay.

  26. Mid Presentation Activity Let’s Get The Blood Flowing

  27. The Modern Paleo Diet Going Back to Basics

  28. The Modern Paleo Diet:Components • The breakdown: Roughly, 35% fat, 40% carbohydrate, 25% protein. • Staple foods: Wild and free-range meats, vegetables, fruits, nuts, nut-like seeds, some tubers, such as sweet potatoes • Not allowed: grains, grain-like seeds, legumes, soy, starchy tubers, dairy, alcohol, most sugars

  29. Benefits of The Paleo Diet

  30. The Modern Paleo Diet:Benefits • It’s unprocessed • It reduces bloating • It’s high in fruits and vegetables • It’s high in healthy fats • Its filling

  31. The Modern Paleo Diet:Gluten • Wheat is new food for us (0.4%) • Our ingenuity is ahead of our biology

  32. The Modern Paleo Diet:Lactose • Humans started becoming tolerant 6,000-8,000 years ago in dairying cultures • Has a high “selection differential”: Those who couldn’t drink milk, were more likely to die before they could reproduce. • Approx. 2/3 of of adults are lactose intolerant today • Evolutionary biologists are still puzzled today

  33. The Modern Paleo Diet:Vegetarians • Tough for vegetarians • No grains • No major sources of protein • Impossible  Paleo Options as a Vegetarian: • Eat lots of eggs (6 grams/day, need a dozen to meet needs) • Hemp seeds and grain-like seeds • Soaked/sprouted beans and legumes • Antinutrients

  34. Take Home Message IS THIS REALISTIC IN TODAY’S SOCIETY?

  35. A Dietitian’s View on THE Paleo DIET PALEO VIDEO

  36. Why is this important for us to know? • Must know the past before the present • It is okay to each grains, beans and dairy • Although this diet is healthy, moderation is still key to any/all diets

  37. References that I used: • Allen, J. (2012). The Omnivorous Mind: Our Evolving Relationship with Food. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. • Bond, G. (2007). Deadly Harvest: The Intimate Relationship between Our Health and Our Food. Square One: Garden City Park. • Cordain, L. (2010). Cereal Grains: Humanity's Double-Edged Sword. World Rev Nutr Diet, 84, 19-73. • Cordain, L., Eaton, S. B., Sebastian, A., Mann, N., Lindeberg, S., Watkins, B. A., et al. (2005). Origins and evolution of the western diet: health implications for the 21at century. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 341-354. • Dunn, R. (2011). The Wild Life of Our Bodies: Predators, Parasites, and Partners That Shape Who We Are Today. NewYork: HarperCollins. • Eisenstein, M. (2010). The First Supper: Diet-directed evolution shaped our brains, but whether it was meat or tubers, or their preparation, that spurred our divergence from other primates remains a matter of hot debate. Nature , S8-S9.

  38. References that I used: • Goodman, A. H., Dufour, D. L., & Pelto, G. H. (2000). Nutritional Anthropology: Biocultural Perspectives on Food and Nutrition. Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing Company. • Harris, M., & Ross, E. B. (1987). Food and Evolution: Toward a Theory of Human Food Habits. Temple University Press: Philadelphia. • Leonard, R., Snodgrass, J. J., & Robertson, M. L. (2007). Effects of Brain Evolution on Human Nutrition and Metabolism. The Annual Review of Nutrition , 311-327. • Manning, R. (2004). Against the Grain: How Agriculture Has Hijacked Civilization. Union Square West: North Point Press. • Phelan, B. (2012 йил 23-October). The Mysterious, Mutant, Civilizing Power of Milk. Retrieved 2013 from Slate.com: http://www.slate.com/artcles/health_and_science/human_evolution/2012/10/evolution_of_lactose_tolerance.html

  39. References that I used: • Pickrell, J. (2005 19-February). Human 'dental chaos' linked to evolution of cooking. Retrieved 2013 from New Scientist: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7035-human-dental-chaos-linked-to-evolution-of-cooking.html • Pollan, M. (2002). The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World. New York: Random House. • Ragir, S. (2000). Diet and Food Preparation: Rethinking Early Hominid Behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology , 153-155. • Ungar, P. S., & Sponheimer, M. (2011). The Diets of Early Hominins. Science , 190-193. • Wolf, R., & Cordain, L. (2010). The Paleo Solution: The Original Human Diet. Las Vegas: Victory Belt Publishing. • Wood, B. (2005). Human Evolution: A Brief Insight. New York: Sterling. • Wrangham, R. (2009). Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. New York: Basic Books.

  40. Thank You for Your Time and Attention! Any Questions?

More Related