CS 153: Concepts of Compiler Design August 25 Class Meeting

1. CS 153: Concepts of Compiler DesignAugust 25 Class Meeting Department of Computer ScienceSan Jose State UniversityFall 2014Instructor: Ron Mak www.cs.sjsu.edu/~mak

2. Goals of the Course • Understand the concepts of compilers and interpreters. • Parser, scanner, tokens • Symbol tables, intermediate code • Executors, code generators • Compiler-compilers_

3. Goals of the Course, cont’d • Learn important job skills that employers want. • Work as a member of a small programming team. • Understand and modify a Big Hairy Legacy Application. • Use modern software engineering practices to develop a complex application._

4. Course Notes • Class website • http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/~mak • Green sheet • Lecture notes and handouts • Assignments_

5. Required Textbooks • Java source code from the compiler textbook: Writing Compilers and Interpreters, 3rd edition • http://www.apropos-logic.com/wci/ • Second required textbook:Generating Parsers with JavaCC, 2nd edition (PDF) • http://generatingparserswithjavacc.com_

6. Compiler Magic? C compiler: intmain() { printf("Hello, C world!\n"); } Pascal compiler: PROGRAM hello; BEGIN writeln('Hello, Pascal world!'); END. Java compiler: public class Hello { public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println("Hello, Java world!"); } } Demo

7. What’s in this box? Pascal compiler (you will write this in Java) Java compiler assembly language object program binary object program hello.j Jasmin assembler (provided for you) hello.class Hello.class Java linker & loader (provided for you) Java linker & loader Java Virtual Machine (provided for you) Java Virtual Machine Overview of the Compilation Process hello.pas Hello.java javacHello.java... Translation: Translation: java Hello ... Execution:

8. What is a Compiler? • A software utility that is extremely important for developing applications … • … usually overlooked and taken for granted ... • UNLESS you can’t get your program to compile!_

9. A Compiler is a Translator • A compiler translates a program that you’ve written • ... in a high-level language • C, C++, Java, Pascal, etc. • ... into a low-level language • assembly language or machine language • ... that a computer can understand and eventually execute.

10. Take roll!

11. Assignment #1 • Posted to the class web page:http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/~mak/CS153/index.html • Write a simple Pascal program. • An individual (not team) assignment. • Due Wednesday, September 3._

12. More Definitions • source program: the program (application) that you write in a high-level language which the compiler will translate • Usually stored in a source file. • source language: the high-level language in which you write your source program • Pascal_

13. More Definitions, cont’d • object language: the low-level language (AKA target language) into which the compiler translates the source program • Do not confuse object languagewith object-oriented language. • Jasminassembly language • object program: your program after it has been translated into the object language_

14. More Definitions, cont’d • target machine: the computer that will eventually execute the object program • Java Virtual Machine (JVM) • The JVM runs on your workstation or laptop (any computer that supports Java) • implementation language: the language that the compiler itself is written in • Java_

15. Conceptual Design (Version 1) • Parser • Controls the translation process. • Repeatedly asks the scannerfor the next token. • Scanner • Repeatedly reads characters from the source to construct tokens for the parser. • Token • A source language element • identifier (name) • number • special symbol (+ - * / = etc.) • reserved word • Also reads from the source • Source • The source program

16. Token • A low-level element of the source language. • AKA lexeme • Pascal language tokens • Identifiers • names of variables, types, procedures, functions, enumeration values, etc. • Numbers • integer and real (floating-point) • Reserved words • BEGINENDIFTHENELSEANDORNOT etc. • Special symbols • + - * / := < <= = >= > . , .. : ( ) [ ] { } ′

17. Parser • Controls the translation process. • Repeatedly asks the scanner for the next token. • Knows the syntax (“grammar”) of the source language’s statements and expressions. • Analyzes the sequence of tokens to determine what kind of statement or expression it is translating. • Verifies that what it’s seeing is syntactically correct. • Flags any syntax errors that it finds and attempts to recover from them._

18. Parser, cont’d • What the parser does is called parsing. • It parsesthe source program in order to translate it. • AKA syntax analyzer_

19. Scanner • Reads characters sequentially from the source in order to construct and return the next token whenever requested by the parser. • Knows the syntax of the source language’s tokens. • What the scanner does is called scanning. • It scans the source program in order to extract tokens. • AKA lexical analyzer_

20. Conceptual Design (Version 2) • We can architect a compiler with three major parts:

21. Major Parts of a Compiler • Front end • Parser, Scanner, Source, Token • Intermediate tier • Intermediate code (icode) • “Predigested” form of the source code that the back end can process efficiently. • Example: parse trees • AKA intermediate representation (IR) • Symbol table (symtab) • Stores information about the symbols (such as the identifiers) contained in the source program. • Back end • Code generator • Processes the icode and the symtab in order to generate the object code. Only the front end needs to be source language-specific. The intermediate tier and the back end can be language-independent!

22. What Else Can Compilers Do? • Compilers allow you to program in a high-level language and think about your algorithms, not about machine architecture. • Compilers provide language portability. • You can run your C++ and Java programs on different machines because their compilers enforce language standards._

23. What Else Can Compilers Do? cont’d • Compilers can optimize and improve the execution of your programs. • Optimize the object code for speed. • Optimize the object code for size. • Optimize the object code for power consumption._

24. Course Overview • First half:Modify a Pascal interpreter. • The interpreter is written in Java (the implementation language). • The source programs are written in Pascal (the source language). • The implementation code for the interpreter will be presented to you incrementally. • Midterm_

25. Course Overview, cont’d • Second half:Your compiler project. • JavaCC compiler-compiler • Java Virtual Machine (JVM) architecture • Jasmin assembly language • Back end code generator • Final_

26. Project Teams • Projects will be done by small project teams. • Projects may be broken up into assignments. • Form your own teams of 4 members each. • Choose your team members wisely! • Be sure you’ll be able to meet and communicate with each other and work together well. • No moving from team to team. • Each team member will receive the same score on each team assignment and team project.

27. Project Teams, cont’d • Each team email to ron.mak@sjsu.eduby Friday, August 29: • Your team name • A list of team members and email addresses • Subject:CS 153TeamTeam Name • Example: CS 153 Team Super Coders_

28. Individual Responsibilities • You are personally responsible for participating and contributing to your team’s work, and for understanding each part of the work for every assignment whether or not you worked on that part.