China The Interwar Years

1. ChinaThe Interwar Years

2. Overview: Situation After WWI By 1919, China had repeatedly been defeated by foreign countries 1895: 1st Sino-Japanese War Boxer rebellion Economic incursions Caption: a �Boxer� Boxer rebellion: -rebellion in Ch�ing/Qing Dynasty, Empress wanted to rid her country of foreign invaders -Boxers (people part of secret society (Fists of Righteous Harmony) who wanted to preserve peace), they were referred to as Boxers by foreigners because they knew martial arts; they believed that they could overpower modern weaponry (such as bullets) -the attack was soon over, because of the advanced weaponry of the Americans -international troops ransacked and looted the Capital -led to the formation of the �Open Door� policyCaption: a �Boxer� Boxer rebellion: -rebellion in Ch�ing/Qing Dynasty, Empress wanted to rid her country of foreign invaders -Boxers (people part of secret society (Fists of Righteous Harmony) who wanted to preserve peace), they were referred to as Boxers by foreigners because they knew martial arts; they believed that they could overpower modern weaponry (such as bullets) -the attack was soon over, because of the advanced weaponry of the Americans -international troops ransacked and looted the Capital -led to the formation of the �Open Door� policy

3. Domestic Conflicts Contribution to international conflictContribution to international conflict

4. May Fourth Movement (May 4, 1919) The movement started because of public dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles It spread to over 20 provinces and 100 cities across China On May 4th, students and professors of the Peking University and other local schools held a demonstration in front of Tiananmen denouncing the Treaty of Versailles Soon, many students from across China went on strike In early June, workers and businessmen also went on strike to support the students Under the pressure, the Chinese representatives at the Paris Peace Conference did not sign the peace treaty Peking=Beijing Purpose of movement: professors and students believed that China needed a social revolution and began to see Soviet Russia as a modelPeking=Beijing Purpose of movement: professors and students believed that China needed a social revolution and began to see Soviet Russia as a model

5. Painting of the May 4th demonstrationsPainting of the May 4th demonstrations

6. Northern Expedition (1926-1927) KMT, CCP, and the Soviet Union joined forces to defeat three powerful warlords in Northern China The National Revolutionary Army (NPA), equipped with Soviet arsenal, confronted each warlord one by one The NPA had the support of the people, who were suppressed by the warlords The warlords were defeated, but in their place, new warlords came to power The Northern Expedition resulted in an end to internal disorder and began the formation of a centrally united China The three major warlords: Zhang Zuolin, Wu Peifu, and Sun Chuanfang CCP: The Chinese Communist PartyThe three major warlords: Zhang Zuolin, Wu Peifu, and Sun Chuanfang CCP: The Chinese Communist Party

7. Political 1911-1925: Dr. Sun Yat-Sen organized a modern political party and modern army, fought for control with the CCP after the collapse of feudal China 1926: the Chinese Nationalist Party formed Two major political problems how to deal with two or three of the remaining army commanders who only followed the central government how to cope with the ever growing communist party that was thriving among the poverty-stricken and dissatisfied peasants of central China General Chiang Kai-Shek brought the Kuomintang and the military together Caption: Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Problem #1: dealt with in the Northern ExpeditionCaption: Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Problem #1: dealt with in the Northern Expedition

8. Kuomingtang Chinese Nationalist Party Centre-right Now Taiwan's largest political party Retreated from mainland-Chinese politics in 1949 Led by Chiang Kai-Shek during the interwar period, after the death of Sun Yat-Sen Caption: Chiang Kai-Shek Caption: Chiang Kai-Shek

9. The Chinese government bound by interlocking treaties and was not fully sovereign in China past regimes had accumulated a vast foreign debt against which the central government�s revenues were pledged for repayment January 1924: the KMT had its First National Congress in Canton, new party program drafted, goals including: social reform fundamental readjustment of China�s international status Sun was the designated leader of the party and had veto rights on all decisions, a central executive committee was elected to manage party affairs and confirm Sun�s decisions

10. China lacked a unified and centralized political structure the south was detached from Beijing�s control, and the districts among the southern provinces were run by different warlords Szechwan was a world in itself that was divided among several military rulers Christian missionaries operated many schools, hospitals and other philanthropic enterprises in China, and they were all protected by extraterritoriality

11. There was a plan for a military academy to train a corps of young officers that would be loyal to the party Officers would become the lower level commanders in a new national revolutionary army that was to be created After the death of Sun, the KMT went through a period of inner conflict, even though it still progressed steadily with the help from the Russians the conflict was caused mainly by the radicalization of the party under the influence of the Communists who organized labor unions and peasant associations and pushed class struggle and the anti-imperialist movement The two parties competed on: the direction of the nationalist policy control of mass organizations recruitment of new members

12. The Chinese Communist Party The CCP grew from the May Fourth Movement Motive: spread Marxism to China (from the Soviet Union), national revolution directed against foreign imperialism and Chinese militarism With a representative from the Soviet Union, a Socialist Youth League helped starting to recruit young intellectuals Recruited students that had: spent time in Russia for training studied in France and had gained experience of the French labour movement and with the French Communist Party

13. Social 1919: May 4th Movement, professors and students who believed that China needed a social revolution and began to see Soviet Russia as a model (Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu where the CCP�s cofounders) There had been a growing unrest among the students in China due to two reasons the Japanese occupation of Manchuria the impotency of the Chinese government the signatory parties to the peace treaties in checking Japan's military operations Students demanded that they be given military training, the students� aggressiveness was the main reason between clashes with authorities

14.  1932: the Mass Education Movement played a big part in adult education Motto: to �eliminate illiteracy in this generation� They determined that literacy does not necessarily mean education, so they experimented on three broader fields of cultural education, economic education, and public health The China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture decided to give $50 000 annually to the translation of Western literature to Chinese Due to traditional good will between China and the United States and also because of the increasing number of Chinese engineers and business men being educated in US, trade between the two countries grew Social reform playing an impact of economic progressSocial reform playing an impact of economic progress

15. International Conflicts

16. Mukden Incident (September 18,1931) Some Japanese junior officers blew up about 1.5m of railway that was operated by a Japanese company in China The Japanese then blamed the Chinese for this, and used this as an excuse to annex Manchuria Contribution to international conflictContribution to international conflict

17. Invasion of Manchuria (September 19, 1931) It was the start of two decades of Sino-Japanese conflict, was China�s main international conflict The Japanese cabinet believed that the Mukden Incident was a conspiracy by the officers, but in the end ceded to let the army annex Manchuria Without the permission of the Emperor, the army expanded their operation to the South Manchurian Railway By February 5 of the next year, the Three Eastern Provinces were annexed In response, the Chinese boycotted Japanese goods, reducing the figure to one-sixth, which led to the Japanese invasion of Shanghai In 1933, after Japan withdrew from the League of Nations, invaded Northern China, which was given back to the Chinese after an agreement The Japanese occupied parts of China until the Marco Polo Bridge Incident

18. Pink area: land annexed by the Japanese in 1940Pink area: land annexed by the Japanese in 1940

19. Marco Polo Bridge Incident (July 7, 1937) Japan claims that a soldier is missing in Wanping Town, and wants to send in the army to look for him KMT forces denies the request, and Japan sent an ultimatum that if they were not allowed in within the hour, they would open fire on the town By the afternoon of the next day, the Japanese took over Wanping Town KMT, after reinforcement from nearby units, outnumbered the Japanese, completely retook the town the day after The two parties then went to negotiate (Zhang and Hashimoto) The KMT agreed to all of Japan�s conditions in return that they do not invade Beijing As Zhang left, the Japanese launched a full-scale attack on Beijing� The Japanese conquered the bridge and Wanping in 3 days, and Nanyuan Town the day after Beijing fell to the Japanese on July 29, Tianjin on 30th, and the North China Plain by the end of the year The Chinese armies were constantly retreating until the Chinese victory at Tai'er Zhuang

20. Marco Polo Bridge Marco Polo Bridge

21. When the KMT saw that the League of Nations was powerless in checking Japan on Manchuria, the leaders decided to take back the lost territory by force, leading to�

22. Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 � September 9, 1945) It was an �incident� until the attack on Pearl Harbour, and the Chinese officially declared war on Japan This Sino-Japanese War merged into WWII The Chinese army was poorly equipped, and lost to the Japanese army in many engagements Battle of Shanghai: Chiang sent his German-trained soldiers (his best) to defend Shanghai; after 3 months, the Chinese were defeated and had to retreat to Nanjing, but it showed that the Chinese were not defeated easily After declaring war on the Japanese (December 7, 1941), China started to win back their land with aid from the United States Contribution to international conflictContribution to international conflict

23. The Rape of Nanjing/Nanjing Massacre(December 13, 1937) The capital of China was transferred from Beijing to Nanjing As soon as the attack began, the bureaucrats fled Japanese war crimes against the Chinese, including: execution, rape, looting and burning Target: non-military, mostly civilians affected, population around 1 million before massacre The city was full of Chinese refugees, who fled from other parts of China (ie. Shanghai, where Japanese had just invaded) 300,000 Chinese soldiers and civilians were killed, and 20,000 women were raped Atrocious and barbaric methods of killing A part of the 2nd Sino-Japanese WarA part of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War

24. A toddler left in the ruins of the cityA toddler left in the ruins of the city

25. International Alliances, Pacts &Treaties

26. November 1921 to February 1922: Washington Naval Conference desire to adopt a policy designed to stabilize conditions in the Far East to safeguard the rights and interests of China to promote intercourse between China and the other Powers upon the basis of equality of opportunity To evade the technical difficulties, the Japanese created a separate state called Manchukuo (the 1928 Kellogg Pact and the Nine-Power Treaty/Open Door Policy) According to Lytton Commission Japan was the clear aggressor But China did not participate in negotiations with Japan Manchuria would become an autonomous nation Washington Naval Conference: treaty Between the United of States of America, Belgium, the British Empire, China, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal; equal spheres of influence on China Kellogg Pact/Pact of Paris: pact signed by USA and France to outlaw war between two countries, later signed by Japan Nine-Power Treaty/Open Door Policy: pact between China and the USA, ask all major world ports with interest in China to allow equal access Lytton Commission: group from the United Kingdom charged by the League of Nations to follow up on the crisis in Manchuria between Japan and China Washington Naval Conference: treaty Between the United of States of America, Belgium, the British Empire, China, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal; equal spheres of influence on China Kellogg Pact/Pact of Paris: pact signed by USA and France to outlaw war between two countries, later signed by Japan Nine-Power Treaty/Open Door Policy: pact between China and the USA, ask all major world ports with interest in China to allow equal access Lytton Commission: group from the United Kingdom charged by the League of Nations to follow up on the crisis in Manchuria between Japan and China

27. Sino-German Cooperation (1920�s-1930�s) The Chinese needed to modernize their military and industry in order to defend against Japanese aggressions The Germans were in short supply of raw materials The cooperation helped the Chinese greatly in their resistance against the Japanese in the Sino-Japanese war Max Bauer was invited to survey investment possibilities in China in 1926 He advised on the modernization of Chinese industry and army to the KMT government He supported opening up the Chinese market to spur German production and exports Before, China only had 10 000 miles of railways (and most was in Manchuria, under Japanese control), but construction of railway tracks picked up pace from funding and modern technology from Germany Chinese military was modernized to German standards Cooperation ended when Hitler came to power

29. Although the great powers tried to refrain from helping particular parts of China, it was not for the best because China was in turmoil with regional militarism in full tide, as well as a movement against the �unequal treaties� that were beginning to take shape

30. Overview: Situation Prior to WWII The Chinese were resisting Japanese since 1937 (2nd Sino-Japanese War) KMT refused to ally with the Communist Party of China to fight the Japanese, and opted to fight both at the same time �The Japanese are a disease of skin, the Communists are a disease of the heart.� - Chiang Kai-Shek China was weakened by civil war and the people were divided KMT: Kuomingtang, the Chinese Nationalist Party KMT: Kuomingtang, the Chinese Nationalist Party

31. Bibliography "Avalon Project, The." Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States 1922. 17 Nov. 2006. Department of State Publication 2033. 17 Nov. 2006 <http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/forrel/1922v1/tr22-01.htm>. Buschini, J. "The Boxer Rebellion." Small Planet Communications. 2000. Small Planet Communications, Inc. 20 Nov. 2006 <http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/fists.html>. "China in the Interwar Years." China in the Interwar Years. California Polytechnic State University. 20 Nov. 2006 <http://www.calpoly.edu/~gsteenso/l7.html>. "Japanese War Crimes." Nanjing Massacre. 1995. 17 Nov. 2006 <http://www.centurychina.com/wiihist/njmassac/>. Jewell, L. (1998.) Monograph 144-chapter 1. Retrieved from the Internet on November 20, 2006 from http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/timeline/144chap1.html. "Qing Dynasty: Ancient China Dynasties." Travel China Guide. 18 Nov. 2006. 20 Nov. 2006 <http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/qing.htm>. Wikimedia. (2006.) Wikipedia. Retrieved from the Internet on November 17, 2006 from http://www.wikipedia.org/.