EANET (Acid Deposition Network in East Asia ): monitoring data assessment for 2000-2014 period

1. EANET (Acid Deposition Network in East Asia ): monitoring data assessment for 2000-2014 period Based on Reports by :Chair of the Scientific Advisory Committee for EANET Chairperson of Drafting Committee for PRSAD3 Sergey A. GromovWMO/EMEP Task Force on Measurement and Modelling(TF MM 18, 3-5 May 2017, Prague)

2. 3rd Periodic Report on the State of Acid Deposition in East Asia (PRSAD3) • EANET is conducting the assessment on the state of acid deposition in East Asia region every 5 years • The team for : Drafting Committee PRSAD3, established in 2015with representatives (SAC members) from all countries, and designated lead authors/contributing authors for each chapter ( Chair : SeogYeon Cho, Inha Univ. R. of Korea) • PRSAD3 of 3 parts (as previous) Part1 : Regional Assessment Report (by lead authors/contributing authors) Part2 : National Assessment Reports (by each participating country) Part3 : Executive Summary

3. Procedures of preparation • DC is responsible for the contents and format . • Regional assessment is prepared by the Lead authors with contributors. PRSAD3 focuses on trend analysis and impact assessment of acid deposition in the region. • National assessments are prepared by each participating country according to DC format. • Other national/international monitoring results are used as references for additional assessment (for interpretation of EANET data).

4. Contents (Part 1) • Part I: Regional Assessment • Foreword. • Chapter 1. Introduction • Chapter 2. Data Quality • Chapter 3. Precipitation chemistry in East Asia • Chapter 4. Trace gas and aerosol concentrations affecting the acid deposition in East Asia • Chapter 5. Wet and dry deposition in East Asia • Chapter 6. Impacts of atmospheric deposition on ecosystems in East Asia • Chapter 7. Summary and Recommendations for Future Activities

5. Contents (Part 2)National Assessment of participating countries (13 countries) • Cambodia, Philippines, • China, Republic of Korea, • Indonesia, Russia, • Japan, Thailand, • Lao PDR, Vietnam. • Malaysia, • Mongolia, • Myanmar,

6. Contents (Part 2, continued) Chapter 1. Basic Information on National Monitoring Activities 1.1 Outline of the activities on acid deposition and National Monitoring Plan 1.2 Monitoring program from 2010 to 2014 1.3 Monitoring Stations 1.4 Sampling and Measurements Chapter 2. State of Acid Deposition in each participating country 2.1 Outline of the activities on acid deposition and National Monitoring Plan 2.1.1 State of wet deposition 2.1.2 State of dry deposition 2.2 State of inland aquatic environment 2.3 State of soil and vegetation 2.4 State of catchment monitoring 2.5 Overall analysis Chapter 3. Review of National Air Quality Management including Acid Deposition Chapter 4. Conclusion or Summary • (Modification of structure can be made by each country)

7. Chapter 1: Introduction Lead Author: S. Lee Contributing Authors: R.T.M. Sutamihardja, N.M. Majid, H. Akimoto, J. Sato, S. Toda, Heads of ACAP Dept. 1.1 Background (S. Lee, J. Sato) - Explanation of acidic deposition, sources and its effect, related air pollution problem etc. - Publication of PRSAD1&2, Preparation of PRSAD3 1.2 Global perspectives (H. Akimoto, N.M. Majid, R.T.M. Sutamihardja) - Diagnosis of emerging issues - Transboundary air pollution and climate changes (CO2, BC etc.) - Future prospective 1.3 Objectives (S. Lee) - Basis & objectives of EANET establishment, - Major activities 1.4 Institutional Arrangement (J. Sato, S. Lee, S. Toda) - IG/SAC/STM/Secretariat/NC, WGFD/TF/EG - Progress of development in institutional framework - National Center of participating countries 1.5 EANET Activities in 2010-2014 (S. Lee, J. Sato, S. Toda, Heads of ACAP Dept.) - EANET activities in 2010-2014 - Medium Term Plan for EANET (2011-2015) - Monitoring Activities: monitoring sites, wet/dry deposition, soil and vegetation/inland aquatic - Research activities - Fellowship program, Capacity building, Public awareness 1.6 References (Contributors)

8. The Third Periodic Report on the State of Acid Deposition in East Asia • (PRSAD3) Chapter 2 Data Quality General procedures of QA/QC • Refer to NMP as country addressed information • Site criteria for different conditions in line of the EANET goals, brief comparison with other networks • Specific in sampling and sample handling • Chemical analysis • Reference to QA/QC procedure for measurement data • Role of ILC projects in data quality assurance Lead Authors: Dr. Sergey GROMOV, Authors: Dr. Keiichi SATO, Dr. Hiroyuki SASEDr. Ken YAMASHITA, Alisa Trifonova-Yakovleva

9. 2.3 Evaluation of Inter-Laboratory Comparison (ILC) Projects • Comprehensive review of whole past period (1998-2014) ILC projects: - years on wet (17), dry deposition (10), soil (16), surface water (15)- mostly stable of gradually improved, with reference to DQO as targets - reviewed both overall and by compounds Participation:WetDep - 35 Labs (13 countries)DryDep - 24 Labs (11)Soil - 16 Labs (10)IAEnv - 22 Labs (10)

10. 2.3 Evaluation of Inter-Laboratory Comparison (ILC) Projects • New view on soil ICL results for whole period (1998-2014) • on Wet deposition and inland aquatic was not changed • on Dry deposition it should be elaborated with extension to 2010-2014 • more detail observing on participation of EANET labs in WMO LIS or EMEP ICL

11. 2.4 Evaluation of the measurements • Validation of WD data by R1 and R2, and its trends of progress

12. Trends of R1 & R2Statistics of changes by linear regression (least square method)

13. fine R1 and R2 changes by linear regression (least square method) not significant not good

14. Chapter 3. Precipitation Chemistry S.Y. Cho, P. Suwanathada, S. Gromov, H. Hara, E. Aldrian, K. Savuth, T. Ohizumi

15. 3.1 EANET wet deposition monitoring network Twelve remotes sites out of twenty EANET remote sites were selected to investigate precipitation chemistry in EAST ASIA based on spatial distribution and availability of monitoring data. Mondy Tappi Jiwozi Jeju Yusuhara Xiaoping Cuc phuong Mt. Sto Thomas Khanchanaburi Low pHs( less than 5) are found in Southern China, Japan, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Tana Rata Danum Valley Kototang

16. 3.2 Ionic Compositions - NE ASIA Jiwozi, China Mondy, Russia Jeju, Korea Yusuhara, Japan

17. 3.3 Ionic Compositions - SE ASIA Cuc Phuong, Vietnam M. Sto. Thomas, Philippines Kototang, Indonesia Danum Valley, Malaysia

18. 3.4 Ion Pairs The ratios of NO3- to (NO3- + SO42-) are less than 0.5, indicating SO42- is a major anions, but no regional characteristics were observed The desert region and its down-wind region recorded richer Ca2+and the ratios of NH4+ to (NH4+ + Ca2+) are less than 0.5.

19. Chapter 4. Trace gas and aerosol concentrations affecting the acid deposition in East Asia F. Meng, S. Gromov. H. Minoura, M. Hu, Z. Gong, Y.D. Hong, S.D. Kusumaningtyas

20. 4.1 Gas and aerosol composition monitoring SO2 • EANET dry deposition monitoring network consists of 55 sites, namely 20 remote, 14 rural and 21 urban sites. • Monitoring Species: • gaseous species: SO2, O3, NO, NO2 (urban), HNO3, HCl and NH3 • Particulate species: SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, NH4+ and PM10. • Both manual and automatic monitoring were mobilized depending on circumstances of participating. For the manual monitoring, filter pack and passive sampler methods were used No data < 1 1 - 2 2 - 3 3 - 4 > 4 (ppb)

21. 4.2-4.3 Sulfur oxides in the urban sites of EANET • High level of sulfate were observed during 2004~2007 in Hanoi, which needs more data validation. • High levels of sulfur concentration were monitored in Jakarta but SO2 concentration is decreasing

22. 4.4-4.5 PM10 in the urban sites of East ASIA • Hongwen, Xiang Zhou, Banryu sites show a increase of PM10 during March and April possibly because of desert storm. • PM10 level in the urban areas in SE Asia is as high as those in NE asia • A distinct Seasonal variation of PM10 were observed in Bangkok and Samutprakarn.

23. 4.6 Trend Analysis – Overall analysis of FP data Results of Evaluations insignificant significant Whole set of full time series results (% per year of mean)

24. Geographical variations of trends Whole setautumn summerspringwinter Northern rural sites southern part – almostno significant, or slightly decreasing For SO2:increase decrease

25. 4.6 Trend Analysis - Sulfur SO42- SO2 Upper hemicycle : Trend for full datasets Lower segments : Trend for seasonal subsets (counter-clockwise from winter to autumn).  

26. 4.6 Trend Analysis - Nitrate NO3- HNO3 Upper hemicycle : Trend for full datasets Lower segments : Trend for seasonal subsets (counter-clockwise from winter to autumn).  

27. Chapter 5. Wet and Dry Deposition in East Asia D.H. Son, K. Sato, K. Matsuda, T. Ohizumi, A. Dolgosuren

28. 5.1-5.2 Spatial distribution of ionic wet deposition • Deposition of H+are relatively uniformed across the region (less 0.5 kg/ha/y) with insignificant time variation • Higher H+depositions (within range of 1-2.5 kg/ha/y) are accompanied by their considerable variations in time. • Levels of SO42- deposition are differs from each other in the range of few kg to few dozen kg/ha/y. • Some sites in China (Jinyunshan, Haifu), Vietnam (Hanoi), Indonesia (Jakarta, Bandung), Petaling Jaya (Malaysia), Metro Manila (Philippine) have very high SO42- deposition levels (60-110 kg/ha/y). (ref. year 2012)

29. 5.3 Spatial variation of dry and total (wet +dry) deposition • Dry deposition levels are almost lower than several kg/ha/y, but for some urban areas they are high: from 60 to 400 kg/ha/y (model application results). • Spatial distribution of total deposition: 55% of sites <40 kg/ha/y, 28% of sites 40-100kg/ha/y,17% of sites > 100 kg/ha/y). • Wet deposition is dominated at many sites. However, some gaseous pollutants (like HNO3or NH3) were not included if the site equipped with automatic monitoring devices only.

30. Chapter6Impacts on Ecosystems in East Asia W.M. Carandang, Contributors:H. Sase, N. Yamashita, E. Philip, J. Shindo, T. Saito

31. 6.2.Soilfeaturesandtemporalchangesby N. Yamashita NospecificclimaticanomalywasobservedduringtheperiodaccordingtotheMODISdata(seeappendix). • The soil pH changed with not only the balance between acid and base cations but also the size of negative charge. • Soil organic matter may have the major role for the pH, although the data on organic matter is limited. • The trend of soil pH did not directly reflect the impact of acid deposition. • On the other hand, BS is a simpler indicator for evaluating the atmospheric impacts on soil. • Distinct decline of BS was observed in Jinyunshan and Jiwozi, suggesting shrink of acid buffering capacity of soil.

32. 6.2.5 Trial for regional risk assessment 6.2.Soilfeaturesandtemporalchanges by N. Yamashita Fig 6.2.6. Relative risk map (Yamashita et al. 2016)

33. 6.3.Vegetationfeaturesandtemporalchangesby E. Philip Tree growth is noted between the PRSAD periods. Tree declines by biotic and abiotic factors: Pest and disease Heavy storm and rainfall

34. 6.4.Inland water chemistry and trend 6.4.1 Monitoring sites for inland aquatic environment 6.4.2 Characteristics of average water chemistry for the whole monitoring period Figure 6.4.1. Piper trilinear diagram

35. Jinyunshan Lake:- Decreasing pH - General increasing S+N oxides Lake Ijira (Kamagatani River):- Increasing (recover) pH - Decreasing N oxides Suggested: the trends were related to atmospheric inputs. (For Jinyunshan: harmonized trends of base cationsin IA and BS in soil)

36. 6.5.Catchment-scale analysis 6.5.1Regular catchment monitoring Figure 6.5.2. Variations on annual wet deposition amounts

37. 6.5.Catchment-scale analysisby H. Sase the catchment-scale monitoring in Lake Ijiraindicated recovery from acidification and nitrogen saturation. Soil acidification did not progress for the EANET observation period since 2000, although soil was acidified significantly in the 1980s/1990s

38. Chapter 7. Summary and Recommendations for Future Activities Lead author: K. Sakamoto Contributing Authors: E. Philip, H.H. Win, T. Ohara, S.Y. Cho, H. Minoura, T. Ohizumi 7.1 Introduction (S.Y. Cho, K. Sakamoto, L. Sukjo) 7.2 Summary 7.2.1 Data Quality (Chapter 2) (H.H. Win, K. Sato) 7.2.2 Precipitation Chemistry in East Asia (Chapter 3) (S.Y. Cho) 7.2.3 Trace gas and aerosol concentrations affecting the acids deposition in East Asia (Chapter 4) (H. Minoura) 7.2.4 Wet and dry deposition in East Asia (Chapter 5) (T. Ohizumi) 7.2.5 Impacts on Ecosystems in East Asia (Chapter 6) (E. Philip, H. Sase) 7.3 Recommendations for future activities* (S.Y. Cho, T. Ohara, K. Sakamoto, K. Sato, H. Mimoura, E. Philip, T. Ohizumi, H. Sase) 7.4 References

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