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The Second American Revolution

The Second American Revolution. From Liberty to Freedom. 1840, 1840: Liberty Party 1848: Free Soil Party. Antislavery vs. Abolitionism. Seemingly narrow distinction Fear of slavery’s expansion Competition for land, labor. A World of Nationalism.

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The Second American Revolution

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  1. The Second American Revolution

  2. From Liberty to Freedom

  3. 1840, 1840: Liberty Party • 1848: Free Soil Party

  4. Antislavery vs. Abolitionism • Seemingly narrow distinction • Fear of slavery’s expansion • Competition for land, labor

  5. A World of Nationalism • Democratic, nationalist movements fail in Europe (1848) • Can democracy survive in US?

  6. Mo Land, Mo Problems • Sen. Henry Clay’s Compromise of 1850 • California=free • Fugitive slave law • Popular sovereignty

  7. Disunion? • South insists of slave expansion • Led by ailing SC Sen. John Calhoun

  8. Pres. Zachary Taylor dies • New Pres. Millard Fillmore supports Compromise

  9. Temporary Fix • Fugitive Slave Act outrages North • Abolitionists resist, free captured slaves • Ex: Syracuse, NY (1851)

  10. Popular Sovereignty? • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • Repeals Missouri Compromise • “dreary region of despotism, inhabited my masters and slaves” – Rep. Joshua Giddings & Sen. Salmon Chase

  11. Pottawatomie Massacre (1856) • Pro, anti battle in “Bleeding Kansas”

  12. Dred Scott vs. Sandford(1857) • Only white people=citizens • Blacks “had no rights which the white man was bound to respect”

  13. Here Comes the Railsplitter

  14. Abraham Lincoln • 1809-1865 • Poor family from KY • Self-taught lawyer • Whig Congressman • Opposed Mexican War & expansion of slavery

  15. New Republican Party opposes Dred Scott decision • Lincoln’s Senate run in 1858 • Nuanced stance • Anti-slavery • But willing to compromise • Equal opportunity

  16. The Approach of War • John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859) • Divides nation • South horrified

  17. “I, John Brown, am quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood…”

  18. We’re Out! • South Carolina secedes, 12/20/1860 • Months til inauguration • Pres. James Buchanan powerless

  19. “the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man” • “slavery, subordination to the superior race is his natural and normal condition” -- Confederate VP Alexander Stephens

  20. Lincoln’s Tightrope • How to avoid civil war? • Union must not fire “first shot”

  21. Fort Sumter, 4/12/1861 • CSA fires on supply ship to Union base • NC, AR, TN, VA join CSA

  22. A “Modern” War • New technology • guns, submarines, telegraph • trench warfare • 620,000 dead • Propaganda • Photography

  23. The Facts • North=more resources • 2 x population of South • South has slave labor • Cotton?

  24. Long, Slow, and Painful • Expected to be short conflict • Union has to invade South

  25. Progress? • Early success in West • Capture of New Orleans • War of attrition • South fights mostly defensive war • Strikes into North

  26. The Horror of War • Antietam, MD – 4,000 in 1 day • Gettysburg, PA – biggest ever battle in N. America • North makes little progress

  27. What Was the War All About? • Slaves flee to Union lines • Slaves as “contraband” • Abolition in DC

  28. Emancipation Proclamation • 1/1/1863 • Frees 3 million slaves in the South • No compensation

  29. Now a War for Freedom • North enlists black troops • Initially, didn’t want to alienate white soldiers or border states

  30. Army: 180,000 • Navy: 24,000 • Mostly ex-slaves • Unequal treatment

  31. Breakthrough • 1864 election approaches • Lincoln puts Grant in charge • Pushes into South • Massive casualties • Ex: 60,000 Union dead vs. 30,000 Southern in 6 weeks

  32. Endgame • William Tecumseh Sherman burns Atlanta • Lincoln reelected (1864)

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