Prof. Bruno Pierri Istituzioni politiche anglo-americane e analisi dei linguaggi specifici

1. Prof. Bruno Pierri Istituzioni politiche anglo-americane e analisi dei linguaggi specifici British Intelligence Machinery American Intelligence Machinery April 30th, 2009

2. Foreign & Commonwealth Office • Commonly called Foreign Office, responsible for promoting UK interests overseas • Head of FCO is Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly called Foreign Secretary

4. Special Relationship • US-UK close relationship and cooperation in military matters, technology and intelligence sharing • Intelligence sharing: originated in World War II. After WWII common goal of monitoring and countering communism • 1948 UK-US Security Agreement • Head of CIA station in London attends meetings of British Joint Intelligence Committee

5. UK Intelligence Community

6. Cabinet Office • Dept of UK Govt supporting Prime Minister and Cabinet • Three functions: • Supporting Prime Minister – to define and deliver Govt objectives • Supporting Cabinet – to drive coherence, quality and delivery of policy and operations across Depts • Strengthening Civil Service – to ensure civil service is organised and delivers Govt objectives

8. Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) • Part of Cabinet Office: Main instrument to advise priorities for intelligence gathering and results assessing • Functions: • To provide regular intelligence assessments on issues of immediate and long-term importance to national interests in the fields of security, defence and foreign affairs • To oversee priorities for MI6, MI5, GCHQ, and DIS • To establish professional standards for intelligence analysis • Permanent Secretary, Intelligence, Security and Resilience chairs JIC

10. Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS) • Created in 1964 by amalgamation of all three Armed Services’ intelligence staffs and civilian Joint Intelligence Bureau • Part of Ministry of Defence (MOD) • It provides intelligence assessments in support of policy-making and crisis management • Support of military operations, as well as operations of other Agencies

12. Security Service – MI5 • Established in 1909 as domestic arm of Secret Service Bureau, tasked with countering German espionage. Commonly known as MI5 (Military Intelligence, Section 5) • Responsible for protecting UK against threats to national security: terrorism, espionage and weapons of mass destruction • Functions: • to protect national security against espionage, terrorism and sabotage, and from actions intended to overthrow or undermine parliamentary democracy • to safeguard UK economic well-being against threats from abroad • to act in support of police and other law enforcement agencies in prevention and detection of serious crime • Home Secretary responsible for Security Service

14. Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – MI6 • Often known as MI6 (Military Intelligence, Section 6), established in 1909 as Foreign Section of Secret Service Bureau, concentrating on activities of Germany • Main function is collection of secret foreign intelligence on issues concerning Britain’s vital interests in the fields of security, defence, serious crime • Liaison with foreign intelligence services • Foreign Secretary responsible for SIS

16. Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) • Established in 1919 as Government Code and Cypher School and adopted its present name in 1946 • Two main missions: • gathering intelligence through interception of communications in support of Govt decision-making in the fields of national security, military operations and law enforcement (“Signals Intelligence”, or Sigint) • providing help to keep Govt communication and information system safe (Information Assurance) • It helps to protect UK critical national infrastructure (power, water, communications etc.) • Foreign Secretary responsible for GCHQ

18. Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre (JTAC) • Established in 2003 in response to international terrorist threat • Multi-agency unit, staffed by members of the three Agencies, the DIS and representatives from other relevant depts and the police • It analyses all-source intelligence on activities, intentions and capabilities of international terrorists who may threaten UK and allied interests worldwide • It sets threat levels as well as providing more in-depth reports on trends, terrorist networks and capabilities • Home Secretary responsible • Five threat levels: • Low - attack unlikely • Moderate - attack possible, but not likely • Substantial - attack strong possibility • Severe - attack highly likely • Critical - attack expected imminently

20. Lines of Ministerial Responsibilities

21. US Intelligence: State Department • Secretary of State member of: • NSC • Cabinet • Oval Office (Official Office of President) Relevance of Secretary of State depends on: • How much President is interested in FP • Personality of Secretary • Under-Secretaries of State: • Jurisdiction according to different geographical areas (U-S to African Affairs; Middle East; Western Europe; Far East…)

23. Back-channel • Back channel diplomacy: negotiations conducted in secret, bypassing front channels • BCD associated with achievement of breakthrough agreements where front channels fail

24. National Security Council • Established in 1947 by President Truman • Main body advising President on national security and foreign policy matters • President's main arm for coordinating policies among govt agencies • It defines long-term strategic line

26. Assistant to President for National Security Affairs • Chief advisor to President on national security • Appointed by President without Senate • confirmation • Not connected to Dept of State and Defence bureaucracy

27. Intelligence Community

28. National Security Agency • Cryptologic Intelligence agency - DOD • Created in 1952 by President Truman • Responsible for collection and analysis of foreign communications and signals intelligence (espionage) • Responsible for protecting U.S. Govt communications, information, and computer system (protection from espionage) • NSA limited to foreign communications, but with some domestic surveillance

30. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) • Established in 1908 as Bureau of Investigation (BOI). Name changed in 1935 • Primary unit in Dept of Justice, serving as federal criminal investigative body and domestic intelligence agency • FBI's top investigative priorities are: • Protect US from terrorist attack (counter-terrorism) • Protect US against foreign intelligence operations and espionage (counter-intelligence) • Protect US against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes • Combat public corruption • Combat transnational/national criminal organizations and enterprises ….

32. Cental Intelligence Agency (CIA) • Civilian intelligence agency established in 1947 by President Truman • Primary functions: • Collecting and analizying information about foreign govts, corporations, and persons • Conducting covert actions, paramilitary and political operations • Advicing NSC in “matters concerning intelligence activities” of Depts (I.E. covert actions) • Evaluating intelligence “relating to National Security” (I.E. Estimate on a particular world area) • Overall speaking, CIA gathers intelligence abroad, FBI and NSA in the US • CIA web site (www.cia.gov)/FOIA

34. Intelligence Cycle

35. Intelligence Cycle 1. Planning and Direction: drawing up specific collection requirements by policymakers 2. Collection: gathering raw information. Many sources of information including: • open sources (broadcasts, newspapers, books…) • secret sources (CIA agents abroad and defectors) • technical sources (electronics and satellite photography) 3. Processing: converting information to a form usable by analysts through decryption, language translations, and data reduction 4. All Source Analysis and Production: conversion of basic information into finished intelligence products by analysts, who are subject-matter specialists - written reports and oral briefings 5. Dissemination: distribution of finished intelligence to the same policymakers who initiated intelligence requirements. Policymakers then make decisions based on that information