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Understanding Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons

Explore definitions, properties, and functional groups of hydrocarbons, including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, and amides. Learn about their uses and importance in various applications.

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Understanding Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons

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  1. Chapter 9 Organic Chemistry

  2. Some Definitions • Hydrocarbon • Saturated hydrocarbon • Unsaturated hydrocarbon • Cyclic hydrocarbon • Structural formula • Condensed structural formula • Isomer • Functional Group

  3. General Uses of Hydrocarbons Teflon: polytetrafluoroethane (PTFE) • Halogenated • CFCs • Teflon • Perfluoro • Solvents • Anesthetics • Perfumes, flavorings • Building blocks of the body Source: http://www.worldofmolecules.com/pesticides/ddt.htm

  4. Alkanes • Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds • General formula CnH2n+2 • Named from the number of carbons • Can have isomers • Can be cyclic (different formula)

  5. Properties of Alkanes • State of matter • Less than 5 carbons = gas • Between 5 and 16 carbons = liquid • Greater than 16 carbons = solid • Non-polar molecules (insoluble in water) • Very flammable: used for combustion • Physiological effects: dissolve fats, can act as emollients

  6. Functional Groups • Any variation on the single carbon chain • Hydrocarbon stem called an alkyl group • Additions of bonds, halogens, oxygen or nitrogen • Alkene • Alkyne • Alcohol • Carboxylic Acid • Ester • Amine • Amide

  7. Functional Groups

  8. Alkenes • Hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond • General formula CnH2n • Named from the number of carbons • Can be cyclic • Aromatic hydrocarbons: benzene

  9. Alkynes • Hydrocarbons that contain at least one triple bond • General formula CnH2n-2 • Named from the number of carbons

  10. Source: http://www.worldofmolecules.com/pesticides/ddt.htm Properties of Alkenes & Alkynes • State of matter • Contain 2-4 carbons = gas • Contain 5-18 carbons = liquid • Greater than 18 carbons = solid • Non-polar molecules (insoluble in water) • Flammable • Undergo saturation and addition reactions • Physiological effects: unsaturated fats, aromatics act as narcotics, many toxic (DDT, phosgene) DDT

  11. Alcohols • Alkanes that contain an –OH substituted for any hydrogen • Called a hydroxyl functional group • Named according to number of carbons in alkyl group • -e on alkane name changes to -ol

  12. Source: http://www.worldofmolecules.com/pesticides/ddt.htm Source: http://www.sonarestaurant.com/wine.php Properties of Alcohols • State of matter • Liquid • Soluble in water • Formed by fermentation or catalyzed chemical reactions • Many are toxic! • Other common alcohols: • Propylene glycol: antifreeze • Glycerol: moisturizer, food additive for moisture

  13. Carboxylic Acids • Called a carboxyl group • May see it written as --COOH • Named from the number of carbons + “oic acid” • Methanoic acid (in ant and bee stings) • Ethanoic acid (acetic acid in vinegar) • Propanoic acid • Butanoic acid (rancid butter, body odor)

  14. Properties of Carboxylic Acids • Weak acids • Sour taste, neutralize base • Produce H+ ions in water • Carboxylic acid salts = used as anti-mold food additives

  15. Source: http://www.iff.com/Ingredients.nsf/0/73944D7BC97392548525699F006C522B Source: http://leonlab.bio.uci.edu/images/2D/ethylbutyrate.gif Esters • Contain a carbon double-bonded to one oxygen, single bonded to another • Named according to number of carbons • 2 words, end in –ate Methyl Butyrate Ethyl Butyrate

  16. Source: http://www.worldofmolecules.com/pesticides/ddt.htm Properties of Esters • Formed by combination of an alcohol and an acid • Some soluble in water, some insoluble • Fragrant: used in foods and perfumes • Many fruity • Other important esters: • Salicylic acid • Antipyretic • Analgesic • Blood thinner

  17. Amines • Contain at least one –N group • Called an amino functional group • Named according to number of carbons attached to the amino • Names depend on where amino is in chain • Name examples: • CH3NH2 = methylamine • CH3CH2NH2 = ethylamine • CH3NHCH3 = dimethylamine • CH3CH2CH2NH2 = propylamine • CH3NHCH2CH3 = methylethylamine • CH3CH2NHCH3 = ethylmethylamine

  18. Source: http://www.worldofmolecules.com/pesticides/ddt.htm Properties of Amines • Formed from ammonia by replacing hydrogens with alkyl groups • Soluble in water (low MW) • Many are toxic & carcinogenic • Unpleasant odors • Act as weak bases • Biological importance • Amino acids • Proteins • Drugs Adrenaline

  19. Complex Amines: Heterocyclic • Carbon rings with nitrogens replacing carbons • Hetero = not evenly spaced Source: http://www.worldofmolecules.com/pesticides/ddt.htm Purine Pyrimidine

  20. Source: http://www.worldofmolecules.com/pesticides/ddt.htm Amides • Contain a carbon double-bonded to oxygen, single bonded to nitrogen • Soluble in water (low MW) • High boiling points and melting points • Most (more than 1 carbon) are solid at room temperature • Most important amides are complex • Proteins • Nylon, wool, silk Nylon = hydrocarbons with amide linkages

  21. Try It! • Category? • Properties? • Are isomers possible? • Name? H H H H C C C H H H H

  22. Try It! • Category? • Properties? H H H C C N H H H H

  23. Try It! • Category? • Properties? • Name? H O H C C O H H

  24. Of our 8 molecule types, can you… • Name the 3 types of hydrocarbons? • Name the hydrocarbon with a triple bond? • Name the molecules that include any double bonds? • Name the molecules that include any nitrogens? • Name the molecules that include any oxygens? • Name the molecules that are soluble in water? • Name the molecules that are insoluble in water?

  25. Practice • Which of the molecules below: • Are soluble in water? • Are saturated hydrocarbons? • Are isomers of each other? • Name each molecule.

  26. Practice • Draw a molecule that contains 4 carbons single bonded to each other, and one amine group. Hydrogens make up the rest of the bonds. • Name 2 physical properties of this molecule. • Draw a molecule of propene. • Name 3 physical properties of this molecule.

  27. Practice • Which of the molecules below: • Are insoluble in water? • Are unsaturated hydrocarbons? • Are hydrocarbons that are liquid at room temperature?

  28. Practice • Draw a molecule that contains 5 carbons single-bonded to each other and one hydroxyl group. Hydrogens make up the rest of the bonds. • Name this molecule • Name 2 physical properties of this molecule. • Draw a molecule of pentyne. • Name 3 physical properties of this molecule.

  29. Practice • Draw a molecule that contains 5 carbons and one ester group. Hydrogens make up the rest of the bonds. • Name 2 physical properties of this molecule. • Draw a molecule of pentyne. • Name 3 physical properties of this molecule. • Write the molecular formula and name of an alkene that contains 18 hydrogens.

  30. Practice H H H O H H H H C C C H H C O C H H C C OH H H H H H H C H A B C H H H H H H O H C C C C H H C C N H H H H H H H D E

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