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2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

4. Properties of Gases Gases Gas Laws The Ideal Gas Law Gas Stoichiometry ] Partial Pressure Gases Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Kinetic Molecular Theory Gases(continued) Diffusion and Effusion Deviation of Gas from Ideal Behavior ] Gases Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

6. Gases > Properties of Gases Properties of Gases • Substances that Exist as Gases • SI Units of Pressure Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/gases-5/properties-of-gases-50/

7. Gases > Gas Laws Gas Laws • Boyle's Law: Volume and Pressure • Charles' and Gay-Lussac's Law: Temperature and Volume • Avogadro's Law: Volume and Amount Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/gases-5/gas-laws-51/

8. Gases > The Ideal Gas Law The Ideal Gas Law • The Ideal Gas Equation • Density Calculations • Molar Mass of Gas Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/gases-5/the-ideal-gas-law-52/

9. Gases > Gas Stoichiometry Gas Stoichiometry • Gas Stoichiometry Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/gases-5/gas-stoichiometry-53/

10. Gases > Partial Pressure Partial Pressure • Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure • Collecting Gases Over Water Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/gases-5/partial-pressure-54/

11. Gases > Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic Molecular Theory • Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws • Distribution of Molecular Speeds and Collision Frequency • Root-Mean-Square Speed Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/gases-5/kinetic-molecular-theory-55/

12. Gases > Diffusion and Effusion Diffusion and Effusion • Gas Diffusion and Effusion • Osmosis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/gases-5/diffusion-and-effusion-670/

13. Gases > Deviation of Gas from Ideal Behavior Deviation of Gas from Ideal Behavior • The Effect of the Finite Volume • The Effect of Intermolecular Forces • Van der Waals Equation • Real Gases • Air Pollution • Ozone Depletion Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/gases-5/deviation-of-gas-from-ideal-behavior-56/

14. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

15. Gases Key terms • absolute zerothe coldest possible temperature, zero on the Kelvin scale, or approximately −273.15 °C, −459.67 °F; total absence of heat; temperature at which motion of all molecules ceases • absolute zerothe theoretical lowest possible temperature; by international agreement, absolute zero is defined as 0 K on the Kelvin scale and as −273.15° on the Celsius scale • acid rainacidic precipitation, the result of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides reacting with water in the atmosphere • Avogadro's Lawunder the same temperature and pressure conditions, equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of particles; also referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle • barometeran instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure • Boyle's lawthe absolute pressure and volume of a given mass of confined gas are inversely proportional, while the temperature remains unchanged within a closed system • Charles’ lawat constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature on the absolute temperature scale (i.e. gas expands as temperature increases) • critical pointthe temperature and pressure above which liquid and gas phases become indistinguishable; above the critical point, a substance exists as neither a liquid nor gas, but as a "supercritical fluid" • Dalton's Law of Partial Pressuresthe total pressure exerted by the mixture of non-reactive gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas; also known as Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures • densitya measure of the amount of matter contained by a given volume • diffusionmovement of particles from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration • Effusionmovement of gas molecules through a tiny hole Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

16. Gases • excluded volumethe volume occupied by non-ideal gas particles • halocarbonany compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing at least one hydrogen atom with a halogen; common examples include CFCs, or chlorofluorocarbons • ideal gasa hypothetical gas whose molecules exhibit no interaction and undergo elastic collision with each other and the walls of the container • ideal gasa theoretical gas composed of a set of randomly-moving, non-interacting point particles • ideal gasa gas whose particles exhibit no attractive interactions whatsoever; at high temperatures and low pressures, gases behave close to ideally • ideal gasa hypothetical gas whose molecules exhibit no interaction and undergo elastic collision with each other and with the walls of the container • ideal gas constantR = 8.3145 J·mol-1·K-1 • ideal gas lawan equation describing the properties of an ideal gas, generally presented as PV = nRT • intermolecular forcesattractive and repulsive forces between molecules • International System of Unitsthe basis of the metric system; SI, from the French Système international d'unités; metric measurements derive from seven base units and multiples of ten • isothermin thermodynamics, a curve on a p-V diagram for an isothermal process • isothermin thermodynamics, a curve on a P-V diagram representing the state of a gas at constant temperature ("iso-" means same and "-therm" refers to temperature) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

17. Gases • kinetic energythe energy possessed by an object because of its motion; in Kinetic Gas Theory, the kinetic energy of gas particles is dependent upon temperature only • macroscopic propertiesproperties that can be visualized or measured by the naked eye; examples include pressure, temperature, and volume • mean free paththe average distance traveled by a particle between collisions with other particles • molar massthe mass of one mole of an element or compound • mole fractionnumber of moles of one particular gas divided by the total moles of gas in the mixture • Newtonin the International System of Units, the derived unit of force; the force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram by one meter per second per second; symbol: N • osmosisThe net movement of solvent molecules from a region of high solvent potential to a region of lower solvent potential through a partially permeable membrane • pascalin the International System of Units, the derived unit of pressure and stress, equal to one newton per square meter; symbol: Pa • photodissociationmolecular dissociation resulting from the absorption of a photon • pneumatic troughdevice used to collect a gas over water; the height of water displaced in the tube can be used to determine the total pressure inside the tube • PressureThe amount of force applied over a given area divided by the size of the area. • quantathe smallest possible packet of energy that can be transferred or absorbed Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

18. Gases • refrigeranta substance used in a heat cycle that undergoes a phase change between gas and liquid to allow cooling, as in refrigerators and air conditioners • semipermeable membraneA type of biological membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally by specialized facilitated diffusion • soluteAny substance that is dissolved in a liquid solvent to create a solution • specific heatthe amount of heat necessary to raise one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius • stoichiometrythe study and calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemical equations) • stoichiometrythe study and calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemical equations) • stratospherethe region of the uppermost atmosphere where temperature increases with the altitude due to the ozone's absorption of solar ultraviolet radiation; extends from the tropopause (10-15 kilometers) to approximately 50 kilometers, where it is succeeded by the mesosphere • van der waals equationa relation between particles of a fluid that have a non-zero volume and a pairwise attractive inter-particle force • velocitya vector quantity that denotes the rate of change of position with respect to time or a speed with a directional component • velocitya vector quantity that denotes the rate of change of position, with respect to time or a speed with a directional component Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

19. Gases Interactive: The Number-Volume Relationship The model contains gas molecules under constant pressure. The barrier moves when the volume of gas expands or contracts. Run the model and select different numbers of molecules from the drop-down menu. What is the relationship between the number of molecules and the volume of a gas? (Note: Although the atoms in this model are in a flat plane, volume is calculated using 0.1 nm as the depth of the container.) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

20. Gases Largest ozone hole observed In September, 2006, the average area of the ozone hole, displayed here in purple, was 10.6 million square miles. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Wikipedia."CC BY-SAhttp://www.wikipedia.orgView on Boundless.com

21. Gases Diffusion Particles in a liquid-filled beaker are initially concentrated in one area, but diffuse from their area of high concentration to the areas of low concentration until they are distributed evenly throughout the liquid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Diffusion."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diffusion.svgView on Boundless.com

22. Gases Ideal Gas Law Introduction Discusses the ideal gas law PV = nRT, and how you use the different values for R: 0.0821, 8.31, and 62.4. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

23. Gases van der Waals isotherms This graph demonstrates the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature based on the van der Waals model. It correctly predicts a mostly incompressible liquid phase, but the oscillations in the phase transition zone do not fit experimental data. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Waals2."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waals2.svgView on Boundless.com

24. Gases Gas particles Ideal gases are assumed to be composed of point masses that interact via elastic collisions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Wikipedia."CC BY-SAhttp://www.wikipedia.orgView on Boundless.com

25. Gases Elastic collisions between gas particles Ideal gases are assumed to interact via perfectly elastic collisions in which no energy is lost. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Wikipedia."CC BY-SAhttp://www.wikipedia.orgView on Boundless.com

26. Gases Dalton Dr. McCord describes Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

27. Gases Interactive: The Temperature-Volume Relationship This model contains gas molecules on the left side and a barrier that moves when the volume of gas expands or contracts, keeping the pressure constant. Run the model and change the temperature. Why does the barrier move when the temperature changes? (Note: Although the atoms in this model are in a flat plane, volume is calculated using 0.1 nm as the depth of the container.) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

28. Gases The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gas (part 2) - YouTube Uses the kinetic theory of gases to explain properties of gases (expandability, compressibility, etc. ) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

29. Gases Boyle's Law An animation of Boyle's Law, showing the relationship between volume and pressure when mass and temperature are held constant. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Boyles Law animated."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boyles_Law_animated.gifView on Boundless.com

30. Gases Air pollution The output of industrial manufacturing processes is a major source of air pollution. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."AlfedPalmersmokestacks."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlfedPalmersmokestacks.jpgView on Boundless.com

31. Gases Boyle An introduction to the relationship between pressure and volume, and an explanation of how to solve gas problems with Boyle's Law. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

32. Gases The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gas (part 1) - YouTube Reviews kinetic energy and phases of matter, and explains the kinetic-molecular theory of gases. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

33. Gases Osmosis In osmosis, water always moves from an area of higher water concentration to one of lower concentration. In the diagram shown, the solute cannot pass through the selectively permeable membrane, but the water can. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44417/latest/Figure_05_02_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

34. Gases Translational motion of helium Under certain conditions, such as high pressure, real gases do not always behave according to the ideal model. Here, the size of helium atoms relative to their spacing is shown to scale under 1,950 atmospheres of pressure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Kinetic theory."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theoryView on Boundless.com

35. Gases Collecting gas over water When collecting oxygen gas and calculating its partial pressure by displacing water from an inverted bottle, the presence of water vapor in the collecting bottle must be accounted for; this is easily accomplished using Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."Chemical Principles/Gas Laws and the Kinetic Theory."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chemical_Principles/Gas_Laws_and_the_Kinetic_TheoryView on Boundless.com

36. Gases Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Van der Waals PFcorrection."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Van_der_Waals_PFcorrection.PNGView on Boundless.com

37. Gases Interactive: The Temperature-Pressure Relationship Explore the relationship between the temperature of a gas and the pressure it exerts on its container. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

38. Gases Interactive: Seeing Intermolecular Attractions Explore different types of attractions between molecules. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

39. Gases Translational motion of helium Real gases do not always behave according to the ideal model under certain conditions, such as high pressure. Here, the size of helium atoms relative to their spacing is shown to scale under 1,950 atmospheres of pressure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Kinetic theory."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theoryView on Boundless.com

40. Gases Interactive: Diffusion & Temperature Explore the role of temperature on the rate of diffusion. Set the temperature, then remove the barrier, and measure the amount of time it takes the blue molecules to reach the gas sensor. When the gas sensor has detected three blue molecules, it will stop the experiment. Compare the diffusion rates at low, medium and high temperatures. Trace an individual molecule to see the path it takes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

41. Gases Stoichiometry, Grams to Liters of a Gas - YouTube Shows how to use stoichiometry to convert from grams of a gas to liters of a gas. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

42. Gases Real-gas isotherms According to the Ideal Gas Equation, PV=nRT, pressure and volume should have an inverse relationship. Notice that the higher isotherms on the graph, which represent the gas' state at higher temperature, show the typical, concave decreasing curve of an inverse relationship. As temperature decreases, however, the isotherms on the lower portion of the graph significantly deviate from this ideal inverse relationship between P and V. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Real Gas Isotherms."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Real_Gas_Isotherms.svgView on Boundless.com

43. Gases Root-mean-square-speed This equation determines the average speed of a given group of gaseous particles. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikispaces."JAHSChem - gases and liquids."CC BY-SAhttp://jahschem.wikispaces.com/gases+and+liquidsView on Boundless.com

44. Gases Interactive: What is Pressure? Gases have no definite shape or volume. When they are constrained to a container, we can measure the pressure they exert on the container walls. The model shows the inside (yellow atoms) and outside (green atoms) of a balloon. The teal barrier represents the wall of the balloon. Add atoms to the balloon and watch what happens. Because of the increased pressure, the volume increases! Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

45. Gases Compressibility factor and pressure At low temperatures, the compressibility factor for a generalized gas greatly deviates from unity, indicating non-ideal gas behavior; at high temperatures, however, the compressibility factor is much less affected by the increased pressure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Diagramma generalizzato fattore di compressibilità."CC BY-SA 3.0http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Diagramma_generalizzato_fattore_di_compressibilit%C3%A0.jpgView on Boundless.com

46. Gases Interactive: The Volume-Pressure Relationship Gases can be compressed into smaller volumes. How does compressing a gas affect its pressure? Run the model, then change the volume of the containers and observe the change in pressure. The moving wall converts the effect of molecular collisions into pressure and acts as a pressure gauge. What happens to the pressure when the volume changes? Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

47. Gases Collecting a Gas Over Water How to calculate the pressure of a gas sample if it has been collected over water. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

48. Gases Diffusion and Molecular Mass Explore the role of a molecule's mass with respect to its diffusion rate. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

49. Gases Interactive: Pressure Equilibrium There are gases on both sides of a moveable barrier (piston), which stays in the same place (more or less) when you run the model because the gas pressure on the piston is in equilibrium. Add purple gas molecules and watch what happens to the piston. Reset the model. Now add yellow gas molecules. What happens to the piston? Try heating or cooling the gas molecules. Explain the change in equilibrium with each change. Which has a greater effect on equilibrium -- changing the number of gas molecules or changing the temperature? Why? Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

50. Gases Interactive: Molecular View of a Gas Explore the structure of a gas at the molecular level. Note that unlike solids, gases do not follow a rigidly patterned structure; at a microscopic level, gases are always moving and rearranging themselves. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com