Download
1 / 13
130 likes | 138 Views
This exam consists of physiology questions and mark schemes related to the efficient use of muscles and bones in long jumping, gymnastics, football, lever systems, tennis strokes, weight training, and rugby throwing.
E N D
In order to perform to their potential, long jumpers must use their muscles and bones efficiently. Figure 1 shows a long jumper during the take-off phase of his jump. Figure 1: Using Figure 1, complete Table 1 to identify: (i) the joint actions involved at the hip and ankle of the take-off leg as the performer leaves the board, (3 marks) (ii) the names of the main agonists working at the knee and ankle. (3 marks) Analysis of Movements Hyperextension Gluteals Extension Quadriceps Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius
Name, sketch and label the lever system operating at the ankle of the take-off foot. (3 marks) • Second class lever. (FRE) Resistance Effort Fulcrum
Figure 2 shows how a gymnast pushes up from a headstand to a handstand. Figure 2. a) Name the main ‘agonist’ at the elbow joint in the movement from position A to position B. (1 mark) b) Name the ‘type of muscle contraction’ taking place while the gymnast is stationary at position A and through the movement phase to position B. (2 marks) a) • Triceps b) • Isometric contractions during position A. • Isotonic concentric contraction of triceps to move into position B. Position A Position B
Name, sketch and label the lever system that is operating at the elbow during the movement from A to B (from previous question). (3 marks) • First class lever. (FRE) Fulcrum Effort Resistance
Figure 3 shows a games player running. Figure 3: The player’s left leg is driving him forward. For the movement occurring at the knee joint of the drive leg, name: • the ‘axis’ about which the movement is taking place. (1 mark) • the main ‘agonist’ causing the movement. (1 mark) • the ‘joint action’ taking place. (1 mark) a) • Transverse axis (and sagittal plane). b) • Quadriceps. c) • Extension
In some games, players kick a ball to keep possession and/or to gain territory. Figure 4 shows a footballer kicking a ball. • What are the names of the articulating bones of the knee joint? (2 marks) • What joint action takes place at the knee of the kicking leg in the movement from position A to position B? (1 mark) • What is the name of the main agonist that causes this action in Figure 4? (1 mark) A B
a) • Femur and tibia. b) • Extension. c) • Quadriceps
Skilled performance is made possible through the effective use of lever systems. a) Sketch and label a third class lever system. (3 marks) b) In your diagram, draw and label the effort arm and the resistance arm. (2 marks) c) What are the advantages and disadvantages of third class levers over the other types of lever systems? (2 marks) • Third class lever. (FRE) Effort arm Fulcrum Resistance Effort Resistance arm
c) • Third class lever has a shorter effort arm and a longer resistance arm. • This results in a mechanical disadvantage in terms of the amount of weight that can be lifted due to the short effort arm. • However, there is the mechanical advantage of a large range of movement and greater speed of movement due to long resistance arm.
The diagram shows a tennis player performing a ground stroke. Complete the table below to explain the movement occuring in the right arm from position B to D. (6 marks) A B C D
The diagram shows a weight trainer performing a squat exercise. Use the diagram to fill in the table below. (12 marks) Flexion Gluteals Eccentric Extension Gluteals Concentric Flexion Quadriceps Eccentric Extension Quadriceps Concentric
The diagram shows a rugby player throwing the ball for a line out. Complete the table below to identify the movements taking place during the withdrawal phase and throwing phase of the skill. (4 marks) Withdrawal Phase Throwing Phase Flexion Biceps Extension Triceps
