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Microprocessors

Explore the evolution of CPUs from Intel to AMD, learn about CPU components, memory management, parallel execution, and the latest technologies like integrated memory controllers and security features.

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Microprocessors

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  1. Microprocessors Chapter 4

  2. Historical/Conceptual • Intel • AMD • ?

  3. CPU Core Components • The Man in the Box • External Data Bus • Registers • AX, BX, CX, DX • Code book • Clock • System crystal • Back to the External Data Bus

  4. Memory • Memory and RAM • Address Bus • Memory controller chip (MCC)

  5. Modern CPUs • Developers • Intel • AMD • Model names • Code Names • Desktop versus Mobile • Technology • Clock multipliers • 64-bit processing • Virtualization support • Parallel execution • Pipelining • Multithreading • Multicore processing • Integrated memory controller • Integrated graphics processing unit • Security

  6. CPU Technology • Clock multipliers • Added circuitry that allows the CPU to run faster than the external data bus • Useful if the running process is CPU-bound • Requires having cache on the CPU to be effective • 64-bit processing • Allows for 64-bit data values to be operated on in a single step • x86 – CPUs based on original CPU instruction sets • x64 – CPUs based on new 64-bit instruction sets • x86-64 – CPUs with instruction sets including both 32-bit and 64-bit instructions • Virtualization support • Added instructions for memory management and privileged instruction support

  7. CPU Technology • Parallel execution • Multiple execution units • CPU will have an integer unit and a floating point unit that can execute at the same time • CPU may have multiple copies of the same types of units • CPU may have multiple pipelines • Pipelining • Execution of an instruction is broken down into distinct stages with separate circuitry to handle each phase • Fetch – Decode – Execute - Store • Pipeline stalls, wait states • Branch prediction

  8. CPU Technology • Cache • Small fast set of SRAM used to hold instructions and data that are likely to be used soon • L1, L2, and L3 levels are common • Cache hits, cache misses • Multithreading • Run 2 threads of a program at the same time • Does not double performance • OS and application must support multithreading • Multicore processing • 2, 4, 6, or 8 execution units on the same chip • They share the caches and RAM • Does not require OS to be aware of multicores ?

  9. CPU Technology • Integrated memory controller • IMC is moved from the motherboard to the CPU to better handle memory accesses • Integrated graphics processing unit • Cheaper than having a separate GPU in the system • Generally less capable than a dedicated GPU • Share system RAM with CPU • AMD’s version is better • Security • NX bit technology blocks access to sections of memory • Intel: XD bit • AMD: Enhanced Virus Protection • ARM: XN • CompTIA: Disable execute bit

  10. Current Intel CPUs • Click here

  11. Selecting and Installing CPUs • Selecting a CPU • Must work with motherboard, socket • Installation Issues • Bent pins • Zero insertion force sockets • Cooling • Heat sinks • Fans • Overclocking

  12. Troubleshooting CPUs • Symptoms of Overheating • Catastrophic Failure

  13. Intel Core M

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