Panel 6: Policy Initiatives in China Thursday November 17 (9:00-10:00)

1. 12th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation Panel 6: Policy Initiatives in ChinaThursday November 17 (9:00-10:00)

2. 12th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation Panel 6: Policy Initiatives in China Towards Fulfillment of Universal Service Obligation in Telecommunications: Case Study of ChinaAnindita Sen Gupta

3. “Universal Access” is defined as ensuring that telephone service is within reasonable reach of everyone. “Universal Service” is aimed at providing telecommunication Services to all households in the country . It requires that telephone service be AVAILABLE, ACCESSIBLEANDAFFORDABLE. “Universal Service Obligation”(USO) is defined as the cost of serving those customers whose monthly bills do not cover the cost Of proving the service.

4. NEED FOR UNIVERSAL SERVICE • Two major rationales for providing universal service Due to concern for economic development and spatial inequality For the sake of necessity. Universal access is considered a basic human right in “Global Human Rights Manifesto.

5. STAGES OF UNIVERSAL SERVICE Stage-I Network Establishment Stage-II Wide Geographic reach Stage III Mass Market Take up Stage IV Network Competition Stage V Service to individuals China is in Stage II and III and progressing towards IV

6. FACTS ON DIGITAL DIVIDE IN CHINA • DIGITAL DIVIDE BROADLY IS BETWEEN: • China and other countries • Western, Central and Eastern Regions within China • Urban and Rural areas FOCUS IS ON THE RURAL URBAN DIVIDE *statistics from presentation of DG of Telecommunications of MII

7. PROMOTION OF RURAL ACCESS STEP I Rural Access Project “telephone reaching every village OVERALL PLANNING STEP III STEP II Increasing the number of rural users and penetration Enriching and enlarging the content and methods of rural access

8. LESSONS FOR INDIA FROM THE MAIN MEASURES • ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM: • INVOLVEMENT OF PROVINICIAL ADMINISTRATION IN IMPLEMENTATION. • RESOURCE ASSIGNMENT • IT IS UNDER CONSIDERATION TO ASSIGN SPECTRUM ON PRIORITY TO OPERATORSUNDERTAKING RURAL PROJECTS. • IMPLEMENTATION • RELEVANT OPERATORS TO CARRY OUT ASSIGNED RURAL PROJECTS • TARIFF POLICY • ALLOW FLEXIBILITY IN RURAL TARIFFS • NATIONAL SUPPORT • ACTIVELY SEEK THE SUPPORT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN FUNDS POLICY AND TAXES AND APPROPRIATE CENTRAL FINANCING

9. 12th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation Panel 6: Policy Initiatives in China Population Policy in ChinaSunil Kumar Gulati

10. POPULATION POLICY.…China, lessons for India Presented by Kumar Sunil Gulati IAS 1999th Meeting on Effective, People friendly Population Policy Formulation What meeting? Here we are!

11. GR0WTH RATES 2001 Don’t worry China , we will be Just there

13. POPULATION DENSITY Choice is between Many,’numerous’ heads.. FewREALHeads……

15. Do You Know ? • Population of USA at 27.8 Cr is third in the world next to India . • India=Three USAs + Two Canadas and still with a Bangladesh to spare. • Density of Population in India is only 324 compared to 30 in USA and 3 in Canada !

16. Population Policy • Ancient times War,Floods,droughts • Kings Ming Dynasty (1368-98) Used li-chia (ten headmen) to get ten Families (chia) to give labour and Taxes per fang(110 HHs)Pop 60.5 m ,5.7 per HH • Then it became ting, working Males per HH

17. Population Policy • Later 1740s Pao chia gave way to tuan-lin meaning Grouping and Drill(350m) • Malthus thought Pop goes by G.P. Nature by A.P . So it will be a disaster and Nature will intervene. • Dr Sun Yat-Sen &Mao said the more people the more Power of Nation

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24. INDIA Population Policy

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31. LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE

32. Massive health education campaign: the messages tend to focus on the societal dangers of overpopulation

33. and the personal material benefits of having only one child

34. Visionary statements were followed up by people friendly laws, which were enforced..no Lip Service

35. Age at Marriage • CHINA Urban M 25,F 23 • RURAL M23, F 21 • INDIA U/R age M21 F 18 • But in China it was not always this, see the TIME LINE

36. Age at Marriage: • Historic Burden in China • Confucius (d 479BC) said ‘to die without offspring is one of the 3 gravest unfilial acts’ • and Mo Ti also encouraged early marriage • Mao was also against Family Planning till 1973

37. TIME LINE Age at Marriage • The marriage law of 1950 raised the age from 18 to 20 for males and 16 to 18 for females • CHINA(1973)Late marriage requirements are enforced M 25-28 yrs F23-25 • Spacing rule of 4 years between first and second children. • 1981:Lowered marriage age laws to 20 and 22 years old to placate population.

38. Notice the FLEXIBILTY • 1984: Law passed allowing all peasants who consent to a late birth of their first child and to an extended birth interval of eight to ten years to have a second child in rural areas. • 1986 Laxness (more 2nd child permits granted) and loss of control after positive results of survey in 1985 when goals were almost met

39. TIME LINE Age at Marriage INDIA • Historically Child Marriages • 1956 : Child Marriage Prohibition Act fixed Urban/Rural age at Males 21 Females 18 • Since then Please all policy the same goes on…………We don’t care…

40. Goals for 2010:INDIANational Pop. Policy • Promote delayed marriage for girls, not earlier than age 18 and preferably after 20 years of age • Address the unmet needs for basic reproductive and child health services, supply and infrastructure

41. China’s Population Growth, A.D. 0–2050

42. CHINA Population Growth, Crude Birth and Death Rates, 1949–1996

44. Empowerment of Women Empowerment comes from: Political Democracy Economic Prosperity China has used the ECONOMIC Route successfully

45. Empowerment of Women Empowerment comes from: Quality of LIFE Theory China has used the ECONOMIC Route successfully