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Computer Architecture and Organization Overview

Learn about the visible attributes to a programmer, implementation features, structure, function, and components of computer systems like CPU, memory, and I/O.

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Computer Architecture and Organization Overview

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  1. Chapter 1Introduction

  2. Architecture & Organization 1 • Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer • Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. • e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? • Organization is how features are implemented • Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. • e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

  3. Architecture & Organization 2 • All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture • The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture • This gives code compatibility • At least backwards • Organization differs between different versions

  4. Structure & Function • Structure is the way in which components relate to each other • Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure

  5. Function • All computer functions are: • Data processing • Data storage • Data movement • Control

  6. Functional View

  7. The computer must be able to process data. The data could be in a variety of forms. • It is also essential that the computer can store data. • The computer could also able to move data between itself and the outside worl. • The computer must control the process, storing data and move data.

  8. Operations (a) Data movement

  9. Operations (b) Storage

  10. Operation (c) Processing from/to storage

  11. Operation (d)Processing from storage to I/O

  12. Structure - Top Level Computer Peripherals Central Processing Unit Main Memory Computer Systems Interconnection Input Output Communication lines

  13. Structure - The CPU CPU Arithmetic and Login Unit Computer Registers I/O System Bus CPU Internal CPU Interconnection Memory Control Unit

  14. Control Processing Unit: control the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions, often simply referred to a processor. • Main memory : stores data. • I/O: moves data between the computer and its external environment. • System Interconnection: There should be a mechanism for communication among CPU, main memory, I/O.

  15. Structure - The Control Unit Control Unit CPU Sequencing Login ALU Control Unit Internal Bus Control Unit Registers and Decoders Registers Control Memory

  16. Major structural components: • Control Unit: controls the operations of the CPU and hence the computers. • ALU: Performs the computer’s data processing functions. • Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU. • CPU interconnection: probably the best example is bus system.

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