1 / 35

Computer Networks: Switching and Queuing

Explore router architecture, switching fabrics, and queuing models in computer networks. Learn about router components, forwarding algorithms, and queuing theory for efficient packet transmission.

gracej
Download Presentation

Computer Networks: Switching and Queuing

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Computer Networks:Switching and Queuing Ivan Marsic Rutgers University Chapter 4 – Switching and Queuing Delay Models

  2. Switching and Queuing Delay Models Chapter 4

  3. Topic:Packet Switching in Routers  Router Architecture  Forwarding Table Lookup  Switching Fabric Design  How Queuing Happens

  4. Why Routers? • (Recall Chapter 1) • Avoid needing direct link between all hosts (totally connected graph) • Redundancy: If one path fails, find an alternative path

  5. Routing Delays

  6. Router Components

  7. How Router Forwards Packets

  8. Services to Incoming Packets Receiving and storing packets Forwarding decision for packets Moving packets from input to output port Transmission of packets

  9. Distribution of Protocol Layers Note that router has a single (common) Network Layer protocol, but each connection has a dedicate Link Layer protocol

  10. Forwarding Algorithms

  11. Router Architectures First generation router Second generation router Third generation router

  12. Switching via Memory / via Bus First generation router Second generation router

  13. Crossbar Switch Fabric Input N x N switching elements allows N simultaneous packets switched (in the best case when all packets going to different outputs) Output

  14. Goal: Reduce # Switching Elements System bus (in 1st and 2nd generation arch’s) allows only one packet switched at a time Crossbar allows up to N packets switched at a time Something in the middle? (+cheaper!)

  15. Banyan Switch Fabric (b) (a) 8x8 Banyan has only 12 switching elements (while 8x8 crossbar requires 64) But, much greater likelihood of collisions… (c)

  16. Reducing Collisions (Show slide with a collision example) Collisions can be reduced if packets are ordered on input ports by their output port number The router cannot choose the ordering of arriving packets, but we can insert a sorting hardware between the input network ports and the switching fabric …

  17. Batcher Network (b) (a) (c)

  18. Batcher-Banyan Network

  19. Why Batcher-Banyan Network This figure is meant to illustrate why a concentrator is needed, because otherwise the gap in the input sequence will cause collision in the Banyan, but the example does not work for a 4x4 network -- need an 8x8 network example!!!!

  20. Topic:Router Delays & Queuing Models Where & Why Queuing Happens Little’s Law Queuing Models M / M / 1, M / M / 1/ m, M / G / 1 Networks of Queues

  21. Delay Components in Forwarding

  22. Road Intersection Analogy Head of Line Blocking

  23. Where & Why Queuing Happens • At input ports, Head Of Line queuing • At output ports, if output link is “too narrow” (low data rate) for incoming traffic • Inside switch fabric, if collision occurred

  24. An Input-queued Switch

  25. General Service Model

  26. Simple Queuing Model

  27. Delay Time

  28. Why Queuing Happens?

  29. Arrival Sequences

  30. Birth and Death Processes

  31. Little’s Law • Average number of packets in the system =arrival rate  average time that packet spends in the system • N =   T • Problem • We would like to know more, such as what are the probabilities of finding different number of customers on arrival, etc.

  32. Intuition for the Balance Principle See: Global Balance Equations

  33. Transition Probability Diagram

  34. M/G/1 Example

  35. Expected Residual Time

More Related