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Constructivism

Constructivism. Stephen Hass, Kaleb Bryant, and Vivian Choong. Pragmatism. Montessori Method. Dewey 1903. Dewey’s early idealism gave way to an empirically based theory of knowledge that was in accordance with the then developing American school of thought known as pragmatism . 

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Constructivism

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  1. Constructivism Stephen Hass, Kaleb Bryant, and Vivian Choong

  2. Pragmatism Montessori Method

  3. Dewey 1903 • Dewey’s early idealism gave way to an empirically based theory of knowledge that was in accordance with the then developing American school of thought known as pragmatism.  • This change in view finally merged into four essays entitled collectively “Thought and its Subject-Matter,” which was published along with a number of other essays by Dewey’s colleagues and students at Chicago under the title Studies in Logical Theory. http://www.genconnection.com/chapman/605/dewey/dewey.jpg

  4. Dewey 1907 • Pragmatism was published • Argued that the traditional correspondence theory of truth, according to which the true idea is one that agrees or corresponds to reality, only begs the question of what the “agreement” or “correspondence” of idea with reality is • Dewey and James maintained that an idea agrees with reality, and is therefore true, if and only if it is successfully employed in human action in pursuit of human goals and interests, that is, if it leads to the resolution of a problematic situation in Dewey’s terms

  5. Montessori 1907 • Study of "normal" children: fifty poor children of the San Lorenzo slum on the outskirts of Rome • People coming from far and wide to see the children in the Casa dei Bambini for themselves due to her unprecedented success • Discovered the realized potential of these children http://www.abbeyschools.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/maria-montessori.jpg

  6. Montessori 1915 • Dr. Montessori spoke at Carnegie Hall and was invited to set up a classroom at the Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco • Spectators watched twenty-one children under the Montessori method, behind a glass wall for four months • The only two gold medals awarded for education went to this class • The education of young children was altered forever – Montessori Method

  7. Piaget 1924* • Schema • Way of organizing knowledge • Linked mental representations • Schemas can be innate • Useful for storing concepts in the long-term memory http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/ahold/piaget.jpg

  8. Piaget 1926* Assimilation, Accommodation, Equilibration • Assimilation: uses an existing schema to handle a new object or situation • Accommodation: used when the existing schema is not sufficient to handle a new situation • Equilibration: the driving force that moves development along • The inability to process new information with assimilation leads to equilibration so that the information can be accommodated

  9. Vygotsky 1927* • Defined the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) • Level between independent and assisted performance • Interaction with peers and teachers is an effective way of developing skills and strategies • Child within ZPD needs a boost http://gsi.berkeley.edu/teachingguide/theories/images/vygotsky.jpg

  10. Bruner 1960 • Published The Process of Education • Direct impact on US teaching curriculum • Previous policy found important material too “difficult” • Four key themes arose • Structured learning • Readiness for learning (spiral curriculum) • Intuitive and analytic thinking • Motives for learning http://techforinstructionandassessment.wikispaces.com/file/view/medallist_bruner.jpg/31179567/167x192/medallist_bruner.jpg

  11. Bruner 1966 • Developed Modes of Representation • Researched cognitive development of children • Enactive (0-1 years) • Action based • Iconic (1-6 years) • Images assist memory • Symbolic (7+ years) • Language encoded

  12. PIAGET 1970* Stages of Development • Sensorimotor- object permanence • Preoperational- egocentrism • Concrete Operational- conservation • Formal Operational- manipulate ideas in head, e.g. abstract reasoning

  13. Works cited Field, Richard. (2005). ‘John Dewey.’ March 16, 2013. http://www.iep.utm.edu/dewey/ ‘Maria Montessori, MD.’ March 16, 2013. http://www.montessori.edu/maria.html. McLeod, S. A. (2007). ‘Vygotsky’. March 24, 2013 http://www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html McLeod, S. A. (2008). ‘Bruner - Learning Theory in Education.’ March 24, 2013. http:// www.simplypsychology.org/bruner.html McLeod, S. A. (2009). “Jean Piaget | Cognitive Theory.” March 14, 2013. http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html “Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Devlopment.” March 25, 2013. http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/DLiT/2000/Piaget/stages.htm Presnell, Faith. “Jean Piaget.” March 16, 2013. http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/piaget.htm#Time%20Line Smith, M.K. (2002). 'Jerome S. Bruner and the process of education.’ March 24, 2013. http://www.infed.org/thinkers/bruner.htm.

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