GEOG 101: Day 9

1. GEOG 101: Day 9 Midterm Review

2. Housekeeping Items • I will return your outlines. I’m sorry I spilled coffee on many of them. Please note: I would like you to return them with your final project so I can see if you took my comments into account. • There are some very interesting projects and I am looking forward to seeing the final products. • I saw some thing in the paper yesterday that crystallizes one of the key issues in developing countries and, to a lesser degree, in developed countries. In Haiti the government banned the sale of plastic bags and styrofoam food containers, but the sellers of these ignored the ban, claiming that they had no other livelihood. • I came across a recent book that claims that women are the key to successful Third World development: Half The Sky: Turning Women’s Oppression into Opportunity Worldwide (Vintage 2010). There’s also a web site: http://www.halftheskymovement.org/.

3. Review for the mid-term (next Wednesday) • For the mid-term we will be covering Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6-8, but not 2 and only a little bit of 5. Review these chapters and the lecture notes. Use what we cover today as your guide. • The mid-term will consist of true/ false, multiple choice, and a few short answers. Here are some review questions: • The term “environment” includes • Animals and plants • Oceans and rivers • Soil and atmosphere • All of the above are included in this term

4. QUESTION: Review • Which of the following is correct about the term “environmentalism”? • It is very science-oriented • It is a social movement to protect the environment • It usually does not include advocacy for the environment • It involves scientists trying to solve environmental problems • ∙Adding various amounts of fertilizer to plants in a laboratory is a _____ type of experiment • Correlative • Natural • Manipulative • Rare 1-4

5. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data What happens if test results reject a hypothesis? The scientist formulates a new hypothesis It shows the test failed The hypothesis was supported The predictions may not have been correct 1-5

6. QUESTION: Review • ∙ What is the definition of “sustainable development”? • Using resources to benefit future generations, even if it means lower availability now • Letting future generations figure out their own problems • Using resources to satisfy current needs without compromising future availability • Letting each country decide what is its best interest • ∙Which do you think is the best way to protect commonly owned resources (i.e., air, water, fisheries)? • Sell the resource to a private entity • Voluntary organizations to enforce responsible use • Governmental regulations • Do nothing and see what happens 1-6

7. QUESTION: Weighing the Issues • ∙Do you think the rest of the world can have an ecological footprint as large as the footprint of the Canada? • Yes, because we will find new technologies and resources • Yes, because the footprint of Canada is not really that large • Definitely not; the world does not have that many resources • It does not matter; it’s not that important 1-7

8. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to this graph, what has happened to the population over the last 500 years? a) It has grown exponentially b) It has grown linearly c) It has decreased d) It has slowed down recently 1-8

9. QUESTION: Review • The term “system” includes all of the following, except: • A network of relationships among various components • The various components tend to minimize interactions • Energy, matter, and information are exchanged between components • Energy and matter are valuable inputs to the system • Which of the following describes a positive feedback loop? • It drives a system towards an extreme • It stabilizes the system • It causes the system to move in opposite directions at the same rates • It causes the system to maintain a constant condition 5-9

10. QUESTION: Review • Which of the following is a correct statement? • Energy and matter flow in one direction only • Energy and matter both cycle repeatedly • Energy flows in one direction, while matter recycles • Matter flows in one direction, while energy recycles • What is the definition of “net primary production”? • Assimilation of energy by heterotrophs • Elements and compounds that are required for survival • Energy remaining after respiration that is used to generate biomass • Assimilation of energy by autotrophs 5-10

11. QUESTION: Review • What are ecosystem services and what are some examples? • Regulation of balance of gases in the atmosphere • Filtration/ purification of water, air, and soil • Regulation of water cycle • Prevent soil erosion and protect against storms, floods and droughts • All of the above • What are key carbon sinks (in a positive sense) that are being disrupted by human activity? • The atmosphere • The oceans • Forests, especially boreal and tropical • B and C 5-11

12. QUESTION: Review • Which biogeochemical cycle is contained in proteins, DNA and RNA? • Carbon • Nitrogen • Water • Phosphorus • Which biogeochemical cycle is being affected by damming rivers, and altering the surface and vegetation? • Carbon • Nitrogen • Water • Phosphorus 5-12

13. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to this graph, which ecosystem has the warmest temperature and most rainfall? a) Temperate grassland b) Boreal forest c) Savannah d) Tropical rain forest FIGURE 5.9 5-13

14. QUESTION: Review What has accounted for the majority of the world’s population growth in recent years? a) Women are having more babies b) Death rates have dropped due to technology, medicine, and food c) More women are using contraceptives d) Nothing, the population has dropped in recent years According to the I = P x A x T formula, what would happen if China’s 1 billion people had a lifestyle like Canadians? a) Their population would automatically drop b) Their population would automatically increase c) Their affluence and technology would increase d) Their impact on the environment would even out

15. QUESTION: Review How have humans been able to raise the environment’s carrying capacity for our species? a) Through technology b) By eliminating limiting factors c) Through increased consumption d) Spending more money on non-essential resources Areas that lack significant numbers of people, and have a low population density are… a) No longer available b) Best able to support higher densities of people c) Sensitive areas least able to support high densities of people d) Located around tropical and grassland areas

16. QUESTION: Review Describe the relationship between growth rates and population size. a) Falling growth rates automatically mean a smaller population b) Falling growth rates automatically mean a larger population c) Falling growth rates means we no longer have a population problem d) Falling growth rates does not mean a smaller population, but that rates of increase are slowing

17. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data What happens during the “pre-industrial” stage of the demographic transition? • High birth and death rates rise cause population increases • High birth and death rates, but population is stable • High birth rates with low death rates cause population to increase • Low birth and death rates cause the population to decrease

18. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to this age pyramid, Madagascar’s future population will be…? a) Balanced b) Larger c) Much larger Smaller Much smaller

19. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to these graphs, which countries had access to family planning? a) Iraq and Pakistan b) Malawi and Haiti c) Malawi and Kenya Kenya and Bangladesh

20. QUESTION: Review Physical weathering is characterized by: The chemical interaction of water with parent material Organisms breaking down parent material Wind or rain breaking down parent material The dislodging or movement of soil by wind Which horizon is the most valuable for agriculture? A horizon B horizon C horizon R horizon 7-20

21. QUESTION: Review Erosion increases through all of the following, except: Excessive tilling Overgrazing Clearing forests All of the above increase erosion Which sustainable farming method involves planting rows of trees along field edges to slow the wind? Terracing Crop rotation Shelterbelts Contour farming 7-21

22. QUESTION: Weighing the Issues Should the Canadian government provide farmers with financial incentives to use technologies such as no-till farming, crop rotation, and organic agriculture? Absolutely, farmers may be more likely to switch to these techniques Yes, but farmers must put any money received into the farm No, it’s not the government’s job to interfere with farming practices I don’t care, it doesn’t really affect me 7-22

23. QUESTION: Review Why has our production of food increased, despite the growing population? • We have become more sustainable in food production • We have converted much more land to agricultural production • Technology in the form of fossil fuels, pesticides, and fertilizers have increased production • We have not produced more food in the past several decades Which term means “a shortage of nutrients the body needs”? • Undernourishment • Overnutrition • Food security • Malnutrition

24. QUESTION: Review Which of the following is NOT correct about monocultures? • They are an efficient way to produce food • They increase biodiversity • They make crops more susceptible to diseases • They narrow human diets Which of the following is not a part of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)? • No-till farming • Biocontrol • Some chemical use • All are part of IPM

25. QUESTION: Review How does GM food production differ from traditional, selective breeding? • It does not differ • It uses genes from different species • It involves more fieldwork • It works better in developing countries What is a “seed bank”? • An institution that preserves seed types for their genetic diversity • A form of banking in developing countries, where people can put their excess seeds up as collateral for a loan • A form of genetically modified organism • An area where livestock are fed high-quality grains

26. QUESTION: Review Which of the following is the fastest growing type of agriculture? • Concentrated animal feeding operations • Sustainable agriculture • Aquaculture • Monocultures Given that the green revolution has increased crop yields, but only by using increased fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and hybrid seed, do you consider it a success? • Yes, because more people were fed, regardless of the price • Yes, because industrialized countries can help through education and technology • No, we will have to eventually pay the environmental costs of producing food in this way • It does not matter; I can buy food whenever I want

27. QUESTION: Weighing the Issues Factory farming allows us to have high consumption of meat products. However, many people are troubled by the conditions that animals are kept in. Should the quality of the animals’ lives be considered when we decide how to raise food? • Yes, the quality of an animal’s life is important, too • Yes, but only if it does not interfere with access to meat • No, animals have no right to a quality of life • I don’t care; I’m not particularly fond of cows or chickens

28. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data If the average person eats 3 kg of meat per week, how many kg of grain are required if the meat came from a cow? a) 60 kg b) 22 kg c) 3 kg d) 12 kg