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Felons

Felons. By: Rachel, Kristina, Tomiah, and Esther. Connection to Learning Objectives. Learning Objective 3: Describe and analyze the dynamics of privilege and institutional discrimination and design strategies to support diverse communities and influence social policy. Overview.

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Felons

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  1. Felons By: Rachel, Kristina, Tomiah, and Esther

  2. Connection to Learning Objectives Learning Objective 3: Describe and analyze the dynamics of privilege and institutional discrimination and design strategies to support diverse communities and influence social policy.

  3. Overview Diversity of Felons • Age • Minorities • Gender • Disabilities Stages of the Justice System • Pre-Prison • Prison Experience • Post Prison

  4. What is a felon? Merriam-Webster dictionary Felon: 1 : one who has committed a felony Felony: 1 : an act on the part of a feudal vassal involving the forfeiture of his fee 2 a: a grave crime formerly differing from a misdemeanor under English common law by involving forfeiture in addition to any other punishment b: a grave crime declared to be a felony by the common law or by statute regardless of the punishment actually imposed c: a crime declared a felony by statute because of the punishment imposed d: a crime for which the punishment in federal law may be death or imprisonment for more than one year

  5. Pre- Prison “...Race, age, and gender will interact to influence sentencing because of images or attributions relating these statuses to membership in social groups thought to be dangerous and crime prone.” - Criminology, 1998 Includes: • Personal history • Arrests • Convictions • Sentencing

  6. Pre-Prison: Age Youth: 18 and under What is leading youth to become juveniles? • lack of discipline at home and school • peer pressure • violence at home(home life) • low economic status • instability Juvenile Arrests • 2.5 million juveniles • violent crimes, property crime, arson, vandalism, larceny-theft, and burglary arrests Juvenile Court • 1.7 million delinquency cases disposed • nationwide, it is easier to try juveniles in adult criminal court

  7. Pre-Prison: Age Youth: 18 and under Children getting sentenced into Adult prison for life • Over 2200 Juveniles nation wide • Unconstitutional for Juveniles to be sentenced to death • 13 and 14 year olds in prison for life • Lack from legal representation • Help of adult in many crimes Youtube video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gTJgwpcs_Y&feature=related

  8. Pre-Prison: Age Adults: 18 and older • Average age in prison is 39 • Most common offenses • 49% Drug related • 15.6% for Weapons, explosives, and arsons • 12.2% for Immigration • 4.2% for Robbery

  9. Pre-Prison: Minorities • Racial Profiling: • Assumptions • colored people=more crimes • racial profiling • Disproportionate number of investigations • 1991 chance of spending time in jail at some point in their life: • White males is 4% • Hispanics 16%. • Black male 29%

  10. Pre-Prison: Minorities • Prison Populations • 1984 whites 60% Blacks 40% • 1991 blacks 54% 42% whites. • African Americans- • Nationally 49% inmates • Hispanics- • grown 219% between 1985-1995 • Asian-Americans- • population increase 4% 1980-1999

  11. Pre-Prison: Minorities • Drug Policies • Minorities disproportionately advantaged • more arrests of minorities for drug crimes; • overall increases in severity of drug sentences over the past 20 years • harsher treatment of minority arrestees as compared to white arrestees.

  12. Pre-Prison: Gender • Gender is the strongest non-legal factor that influences the sentencing of a felon - Social Science Quarterly, 2006

  13. Pre-Prison: Gender • Perceived "Threat" Level • Protecting society from crime • Criminal records and stereotypes • Women with childcare responsibilities

  14. Pre-Prison: Disabilities • Disability: "A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities of such individual." • Disabled Population: • 20% of general public • 30-40% of prison population • Greater percentage in juvenile facilities • Mental disability vs mental illness • 50% of prison population

  15. Pre-Prison: Disabilities Factors contributing to high arrest rates of suspects with disabilities: • Suspicious behavior • Easily apprehended • May not understand rights • May confuse details • May falsely admit guilt

  16. Pre-Prison: Disabilities 50% of felons with intellectual disabilities have been convicted of a sexual offence Contributing factors: • Lack of social skills and training on appropriate/safe sexual behavior • A history of sexual or physical abuse • Limited or no available sexual partners • Difficulty projecting consequences of behavior • Difficulty recognizing and expressing emotions

  17. Prison Experience Includes: • Length of Stay • Programs Offered • Treatment • Accommodations • Consequences

  18. Prison Experience:Age Youth: 18 and under Juvenile Detention- Secure residential facility for young people that are waiting for court hearings and/or placement in long- term care facilities and programs. In Juvenile Detention: • medical assessment • education • group care Option to go to boot camp

  19. Prison Experience: Age Adults: 18 and older Institutions: Low security Federal correctional institutions(FCI's), Medium Security FCI, High Security FCI, Correctional complexes, Satellite prison camps • Educational classes • Work • Sawyer's work experience • Wage • Counseling *All matters which prison the person is sentenced to

  20. Prison Experience: Minorities • Convictions • Non Drug • Drugs • Violent felony offences • Weapons • Length of Stay • Blacks • Average 27 months for whites and 46 months for blacks • Voting Rights • Total of 5.3 million people with no voting rights

  21. Prison Experience: Gender • Perceived Threat Level • "...More lenient treatment of women is found for both racial minorities and Whites”.- Criminal Justice Policy Review, 2000 • Correctional System Services • Substance Dependency Histories • Trauma Histories • Programs Offered • Prison Population • State Prisons, 2000: 94% Male • Family Effects: • Minor children • Family dynamics • Income

  22. Prison Experience: Disabilities American with Disabilities Act of 1990 • Pennsylvania Department of Corrections v. Yeskey, 1998 • What is reasonable? • Lack of funding • Isolation as means of protection

  23. Post Prison Sentence Includes: • Societal Integration • Execution • Parole • Re-offending

  24. Post Prison: Age Youth: 18 and under • 55% re-offend within one year after release • increase in crime • victimization • homelessness • family destabilization • public health risks • Huge difference of the area of the arrest • urban vs. Rural • Most likely not to re-offend if prosecuted in juvenile justice system, not adult court

  25. Post Prison: Age Adults: 18 and older 1994 results • 300,000 prisoners released in 15 states • 68% re-arrested within 3 years • 47% convicted a new crime • 25% recommitted to prison with new sentence • Parole violation Employment • Common jobs were construction, general manual labor, maintenance, and assembly line or factory jobs • Two month after release 43% respondents had been employed after leaving prison, only 31% still employed • Struggle to find businesses hiring convicted felons Housing • Halfway housing (Example, Hope Village)

  26. Post Prison: Minorities • Re-offending • 48% of ex-offenders • Societal Integration • Jobs • Unemployment rate 50% for people with records • White former inmates averaged $7,880 per year and Blacks just $4,762 • Disadvantaged by daily nature of prison experience • Voting Eligibility • 13% of all Black men in the U.S. have lost their electoral rights • 15th Amendment • 48 of 50 states have felon disenfranchisement laws.

  27. Post Prison: Gender • Re-offending • Execution • US Capital Punishment favors women

  28. Post Prison: Disabilities Parole A disabled felon is half as likely to receive parole Execution Atkins v. Virginia Recidivism 79% of mentally ill felons have prior convictions 60% of disabled felons have prior convictions

  29. Summary Diversity of Felons • Age • Minorities • Gender • Disabilities Stages of the Justice System • Pre-Prison • Prison Experience • Post Prison

  30. References: Atkins V. Virginia, 536 US 304 (2002). BONTRAGER, S., BALES, W. and CHIRICOS, T. (2005). RACE, ETHNICITY,THREAT AND THE LABELING OF CONVICTED FELONS. Criminology, 43: 589–622. doi: 10.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00018.x Bureau of Justice Statistics Probation and Parole in the United States, 2004 (10 pp.) (NCJ 210676). Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2004). State court sentencing of convicted felons 2004. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/html/scscf04/tables/scs04203tab.cfm Campaign for Youth Justice. (n.d.). National statistics. Retrieved from http://www.campaignforyouthjustice.org/national-statistics.html Cockram, J. (2005). People With an Intellectual Disability in the Prisons. Psychiatry, Psychology And Law, 12(1), 163-173. doi:10.1375/pplt.2005.12.1.163 Department of Psychiatry. (2006) University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-2103, USA. Retrieved From lewis@psychiatry.uchc.edu Doren, B., Bullis, M., & Benz, M. R. (1996). Predicting the arrest status of adolescents with disabilities in transition. The Journal Of Special Education, 29(4), 363-380. doi:10.1177/002246699602900401

  31. Equal Justice Initiative. (2011). Children in adult prison. Retrieved from http://eji.org/eji/childrenprison Equal Justice Initiative. (2011). Death in prison sentences for 13- and 14-year olds. Retrieved from http://eji.org/eji/childrenprison/deathinprison Firth, H., Balogh, R., Berney, T. Bretherton, K. Graham, S. & Whibley, S. (2001). Psychopathology of sexual abuse in young people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 45 (3), 244-252 Federal Bureau of Prisons. (2012, January 28). Quick facts about the bureau of prisons. Retrieved from http://www.bop.gov/news/quick.jsp Fernando Rodriguez, S., Curry, T. R. and Lee, G. (2006), Gender Differences in Criminal Sentencing: Do Effects Vary Across Violent, Property, and Drug Offenses?. Social Science Quarterly, 87: 318–339. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00383.x Halperin, A. (2011, January 16). After prison, building a new life means more than just doing right. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/14/AR2011011405709.html Juvenile court department of the king county superior court. (2012, January 20). Juvenile detention. Retrieved from http://www.kingcounty.gov/courts/JuvenileCourt/detention.aspx Lewis, J. (2000).Race, Sentencing and the "Tough Crime" Movement. Justice on Trial: Racial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice System. Retrieved from http://www.civilrights.org/publications/justice-on-trial/sentencing.html Luckasson, R. (1992). People with mental retardation as victims of crime. In R.W. Conley, R. Luckasson, & G.N. Bouthilet (Eds.), The criminal justice system and mental retardation (209-220). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.

  32. Mauer, M. (1999). THE CRISIS OF THE YOUNG AFRICAN AMERICAN MALE AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. Retrieved from http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/rd_crisisoftheyoung.pdf Oshima, K., Huang, J., Jonson-Reid, M., & Drake, B. (2010). Children with disabilities in poor households: Association with juvenile and adult offending. Social Work Research, 34(2), 102-113. Perske, R. (2003). Observations of a water boy. Mental Retardation, 41 (1), 61-64. Petersilia, J. (August 2000). Doing justice? Criminal offenders with developmental disabilities. CPRC Brief, 12 (4), California Policy Research Center, University of California. Sobsey, D. (1994). Violence and abuse in the lives of people with disabilities. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Spohn, C. (2000). Is preferential treatment of female offenders a thing of the past? a multisite study of gender, race, and imprisonment. CriminalJustice Policy, Retrieved fromhttp://cjp.sagepub.com/content/11/2/149.short@psychiatry.uchc.edu STEFFENSMEIER, D., ULMER, J. an d KRAMER, J. (1998), THE INTERACTION OF RACE, GENDER, AND AGE IN CRIMINAL SENTENCING: THE PUNISHMENT COST OF BEING YOUNG, BLACK, AND MALE. Criminology, 36: 763–798. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x Sullivan, P. & Knutson, J. (2000). Maltreatment and disabilities: A population-based epidemiological study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24 (10), 1257-1273. Treadwell, H. M. (2012). Millions of African Americans Will Be Disenfranchised on Election Day. Black News. Retrieved fromhttp://www.blacknews.com/news/henrie_m_treadwell201.shtml

  33. Treet, P. (2000) Race, Prison, and Poverty. History is a Weapon. Retrieved fromhttp://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/streeracpripov.html U.S. Cencus Bureau. (2000) Computerized image. Retrieved from lilaznkelly.wordpress.com Veneziano, L. & Veneziano, C. (1996). Disabled inmates. In M. McShane & F. Williams Encyclopedia of American Prisons. New York: Garland Publishing. WBGH Educational Foundation. (2011). Basic statistics. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/stats/basic.html

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