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ACID/BASE BALANCE

ACID/BASE BALANCE. D. C. Mikulecky. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS CAN BE PROTON DONORS OR ACCEPTORS PROTON DONORS ARE ACIDS PROTON ACCEPTORS ARE BASES ACIDS AND BASES REACT TO NEUTRALIZE EACH OTHER FORMING SALTS. ACID/BASE REACTIONS. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2 O.

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ACID/BASE BALANCE

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  1. ACID/BASE BALANCE D. C. Mikulecky

  2. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS • CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS CAN BE PROTON DONORS OR ACCEPTORS • PROTON DONORS ARE ACIDS • PROTON ACCEPTORS ARE BASES • ACIDS AND BASES REACT TO NEUTRALIZE EACH OTHER FORMING SALTS

  3. ACID/BASE REACTIONS HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O ACID + BASE SALT + WATER

  4. ACID/BASE BALANCE AND THE BLOOD [OH -] [H+] Acidic Alkaline (Basic) Neutral pH 7 0 14 Arterial Blood Venous Blood Acidosis Alkalosis DEATH 7.4 DEATH 8.0 Normal 7.35-7.45 6.8

  5. CHEMICAL BUFFER SYSTEMS Unbuffered Salt Solution All protons are free Add HCl H+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Protons taken up as Carbonic Acid H2CO3: HCO3- Buffer Add HCl H2CO3 HCO3- H+ H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

  6. CHEMICAL BUFFER SYSTEMS • Weak acid/salt systems act as a “sponge” for protons • As acidity tends to increase they take protons up • As acidity tends to decrease they release protons

  7. CHEMICAL BUFFER SYSTEMS • Carbonic acid/Bicarbonate: Primary buffer against non-carbonic acid changes • Proteins: Primary ICF buffer, also ECF • Hemoglobin: Primary buffer against carbonic acid changes • Phosphate: Urinary buffer, also ICF

  8. ROLE OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN ACID/BASE BALANCE • Alterations in ventilation alter the rate of excretion of carbon dioxide • Alterations in the rate of carbon dioxide excretion cause alterations in pH through carbonic acid • This way the respiratory system can help control non-respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

  9. Sources of acidosis • Metabolic: Severe diarrhea, Diabetes mellitus, strenuous exercise, uremia • Respiratory: hypoventilation

  10. Sources of alkalosis • Metabolic: Vomiting, ingestion of alkaline drugs • Respiratory: hyperventilation

  11. Renal regulation of blood acidity • Proton excretion • Bicarbonate excretion • Ammonia secretion

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