DNA & RNA

1. DNA & RNA

2. DNA STRUCTURE • Double Helix • Phosphate ( PO4) • Deoxyribose sugar • Nitrogen Bases: A-adenine, C-cytosine, T-thymine, G-guanine

3. NUCLEOTIDE

4. RNA • Single stranded • Phosphate (PO4) • Ribose sugar • Nitrogen Bases: U-uracil, C-cytosine, G-guanine, A-adenine Three Types mRNA-messenger RNA rRNA- ribosomal RNA tRNA- transfer RNA

5. DNA REPLICATION • DNA makes DNA

6. DNA Replication Cont… • DNA unwinds and unzips • Free floating nucleotides bond to the unattached bases on both sides of the DNA • There are now two DNA strands that are identical. • http://www.mcb.harvard.edu/losick/images/trombonefinald.swf

7. How To View DNA • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/

8. DNA is cut by restriction enzymes which creates different size pieces of DNA The DNA is placed in a gel DNA is charged negatively so the gel is plugged in with a positive charge near the bottom of the well The negative pieces of DNA move through the gel The small pieces end up at the bottom and the larger pieces end up near the top. Electrophoresis

9. DNA Protein Synthesis • DNA unwinds and unzips • Free RNA nucleotides in the nucleus bond to the DNA strand, creating the m-RNA strand. U-A, C-G. • This is called transcription • The m-RNA leaves the nucleus goes into the cytoplasm • The m-RNA comes in contact with the r-RNA inside a ribosome.

10. Protein Synthesis cont.. • The job of the r-RNA is to find the start codon (3 bases) on the m-RNA • Once the start codon is found the t-RNA’s attach their 3 base anti-codon to the codon on the m-RNA. • They bring with them their amino acids which are attached to the t-RNA on the top. • All the codons after the start codon are then attached to their own t-RNA’s, until the stop codon is recognized by the r-RNA. • The amino acids are bonded together by a peptide bond creating a polypeptide (protein). • This process is called translation.

11. DNA TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION • Animations • http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a3.html

12. DNA Mutations • What Causes DNA Mutations?

13. What Kind of Mutations Are There? • Point Mutation
A point mutation is a simple change in one base of the gene sequence. This is equivalent to changing one letter in a sentence, such as this example, where we change the 'c' in cat to an 'h':

14. Frame-shift mutation • Frame-shift mutations. In a frame shift mutation, one or more bases are inserted or deleted, the equivalent of adding or removing letters in a sentence. But because our cells read DNA in three letter "words", adding or removing one letter changes each subsequent word. This type of mutation can make the DNA meaningless and often results in a shortened protein. An example of a frame-shift mutation using our sample sentence is when the 't' from cat is removed, but we keep the original letter spacing:

15. Deletion&Insertion • Deletion-Mutations that result in missing DNA are called deletions. These can be small, such as the removal of just one "word," or longer deletions that affect a large number of genes on the chromosome. Deletions can also cause frameshift mutations. In this example, the deletion eliminated the word cat. • Original- The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Deletion -The fat ate the wee rat. • Insertion -Mutations that result in the addition of extra DNA are called insertions. Insertions can also cause frameshift mutations, and general result in a nonfunctional protein. • Original- The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Insertion- The fat cat xlw ate the wee rat.

16. Inversion • In an inversion mutation, an entire section of DNA is reversed. A small inversion may involve only a few bases within a gene, while longer inversions involve large regions of a chromosome containing several genes. • Original -The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Insertion -The fat tar eew eht eta tac.