Classification and the Kingdoms of Life

1. Classification and the Kingdoms of Life

2. Classification • There are 1.6 million types of plants and animals and 3-10 million organisms not identified • Need to organize information • Taxonomy – branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history

3. Important People • Aristotle- classified based on qualities like shape, ability to do harm, whether they are air, land, or water dwellers • John Ray- defined speciesas organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. • Linnaeus- classified based on form and structure; came up with Binomial Nomenclature

4. Binomial Nomenclature • Method of naming organisms by their genus and species. • Both genus and species are underlined or italicized. • Ex) Homo sapiens • Genus = Homo • Species = sapiens

5. 7 levels of Classification • Kingdom • Phylum King Phillip Came • Class Over From Great • Order Spain • Family • Genus • Species

7. Modern Taxonomy • Based on evidence such as the fossil record, morphology, embryology, development and DNA evidence. • Phylogenetic Tree-(see ex. on slide) • Cladogram -(see ex. on slide) • Dichotomous Key- instrument used to identify an organism based on certain characteristics (if…then.…)

8. Phylogenetic Tree- shows evolutionary relationship between organisms

9. Cladogram- use shared derived characters that evolved within the group being studied

10. The Six Kingdoms of Life • Organisms in each kingdom are similar in their cellular structure, methods of obtaining nutrients, and metabolism. • Archabacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

12. The Beginning • It is thought that the 1st organisms on earth were bacteria (cyanobacteria) that produced all of the oxygen in the primitive atmosphere. • How were the first eukaryotes formed? • Endosymbiosis Theory

13. Endosymbiotic Theory • Idea that larger prokaryotic (bacteria) cells engulfed other smaller prokaryotic cells. • The smaller prokaryotic cells became the organelles (like mitochondrion and chloroplasts) that helped the cells function and evolve into animal and plant cells

18. Bacteria • Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto or heterotrophic • Most have cell wall made up of peptidoglycan and have ribosomes • Autotrophs can get energy from sun (photosynthetic) or from inorganic substances (chemosyntheitic) • 2 types - Archeabacteria and Eubacteria

19. Bacteria Reproduction • Binary fission (asexual) • chromosome of the bacteria replicates, after which the cell divides • Conjugation (sexual) • how bacteria exchanges genetic information • pili attach the bacteria

21. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto or heterotrophic • usually live in harsh environments • oxygen free (anaerobic), very hot or acidic, or very salty environments • chemically different from other bact. • cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan

23. 2) Kingdom Eubacteria • Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto and heterotrophic • “true” bacteria- can be found just about everywhere • Can be classified by shape, chemical composition, motility and metabolism

24. Gram negative rods

25. Gram positive - bacillus anthracis

26. Identify Bacteria • Shape - Arrangement • Bacillus = rod - diplo = two • coccus = sphere - strepto = chain • spirilla = spiral - staphylo = cluster

28. Eubacteria can cause animal and plant disease but can also be beneficial. • They are essential parts of the food and pharmaceutical industry and can even be used to clean up oil spills.

29. 3) Protista • unicellular, some simple multicelluar, all eukaryotic (nucleus present) • Some live freely, others are parasites • “catch all” kingdom • Protozoan  animal like (ameobas and paramecium) • Algea plant like • Slime Molds fungus like

30. Protozoan • Animal-like protists • heterotrophs • Classification based on movement • Sarcodina (pseudopodia) • Mastigophora (flagella) • Ciliophora (cilia) • Sporozoan(spores)

32. Algae • Plant-like Protist • major ancestor to plants (autotrophic) • capable of photosynthesis (contains chlorophyll)- major source of O2 on earth • Reproduce sexually (Alternation of Generations) • unicelluar, multicellular,or colonial • phytoplankton - food for marine animals

33. Phylum Euglenophyta - Euglena

34. Slime Molds • Fungus-like Protist • multinucleated • no cytokenesis • decomposers

35. Slime mold

36. 4) Fungus • Eukaryotic; multicelluar; heterotrophic • extracellular digestion- absorb nutrients • have sexual and asexual reproduction • have cell walls made of chitin • hyphae- individual fibers form body • mycelium- thick mass of hyphae • septa- cross walls that divide hyphae into sections (not always present)

38. 4 types of Fungi • Common Molds(Zygomycota)- ex. Breadmold • Club Fungi(Basidomycota)- ex. Mushrooms • Sac Fungi(Ascomycota)- ex. Yeast • Imperfect Fungi(Deuteromycota)- ex. Penicillin, athletes foot, ringworm

39. Useful decomposers-break down organic matter antibiotics industry - baking, brew, cheese food - mushrooms, truffles Harmful spoiled food plant/animal disease ex. Dutch Elm Disease parasite- tree dies- saprophyte Uses

41. Basidiomycota - basidiocarp

43. Ringworm

44. 5) Plant Kingdom • Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic • Take up water and nutrients in roots; make food in leaves (photosynthesis) • sexual reproduction (alternation of generations) • 4 major types: Nonvascular, Vascular seedless, Vascular naked seed, Vascular protected seed

45. Adaptations to Land • Dominant Diploid (except Moss) • Cuticles-reduces dry out • deciduous- trees that drop leaves- reduce dry out • seed/pollen- pollination (replaced flagellated sperm) • flowers and fruits- attract pollinators and fosters dispersal of seeds

46. Adaptations to Land • Vascular system- plants can grow tall away from water • Leaves-photosynthesis (stomata control gas exchange) • stems- support leaves • roots (hairs) obtain water and anchor • xylem- moves water • phloem-moves food

47. Types of Plants • Moss- Nonvascular, require water for flagellated sperm, dominant phase is haploid, find close to the ground (water by osmosis) • Ferns- Vascular, seedless, have strong roots (rhizomes), large leaves (fronds), Sori(produce spores), dominant phase is diploid

48. Types of Plants • Gymnosperm- Vascular, naked seeds (develop on the scales of female cones) diploid, pollen, examples are conifers, pine trees, evergreens • Angiosperm- Vascular, protected seed, flowering plants, diploid, pollen, ex. Grass, roses, fruit, beans • monocot or dicot

49. Angiosperms have 2 classes • Monocot -- one cotyledon, narrow leaves with parallel leaves, flowers in multiples of 3, vascular tissue is scattered throughout (ex. Grass, lilies, corn) • Dicot--two cotyledon, broad leaves with branching veins, flowers in multiples of 4 or 5, vascular tissue in rings (ex. Roses, beans, clovers, trees)

50. Plant Responses • Tropism- plant movement or growth in response to a stimulus • Phototropism- growth toward light • Geotropism (Gravitropism)- growth downward • Thigmotropism- response to physical touch of solid object • Hydrotropism- growth toward water